Exosomal PD-L1 detection in cancer predictive biomarker for response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) carried by tumor-derived exosomes has emerged as a critical mediator of immune evasion and resistance to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Unlike membrane-bound PD-L1, exosomal PD-L1 is systemically distributed and c…