European Journal of Immunology

We present the first report of chicken lipid-reactive, NKT-like TCRVβ2+ T cells that recognize the endogenous ganglioside GM3 presented by chCD1.1 on live antigen-presenting cells. This activation induces a rapid cytokine response from avian lipid-reactive T cells, offering a universal target for lipid-adjuvanted poultry vaccines. ABSTRACT This study presents the discovery and first functional characterization … Read more

This study is focussed on the role of cAMP-dependent transcriptional repressor ICER in regulatory T cell function. Using a conditional knockout model, Treg development, suppressive function, stability, and metabolic phenotype were examined to gain further understanding of the role of cAMP-dependent signalling in regulatory T cells. ABSTRACT Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for immune … Read more

Our cover features images related to flow cytometry techniques widely used for analysis of function and phenotypes of major human and murine immune cell subsets, superimposed on a multidimensional immune cell population scatter plot. These images are taken from the third edition of EJI’s Flow Cytometry Guidelines by Cossarizza et al., a comprehensive resource prepared … Read more

Synovial fluid immune cells in juvenile idiopathic arthritis were profiled using single-cell multiomics and flow cytometry. The immune landscape in synovial fluid was markedly distinct from that of blood and was enriched for dendritic cells, CD56hi NK cells, γδ T cells, CD4+ T peripheral helper and regulatory T cells, tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells, and … Read more

Infection with the intestinal helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri, or administration of the parasite products (HES), or administration of recombinant HpARI2+HpBARI_Hom2 can all suppress the development of lung fibrosis in the mouse bleomycin model, via suppression of the IL-33 pathway. Graphic abstract created in BioRender. McSorley, HJ. (2026) https://BioRender.com/8ag7ll4. ABSTRACT Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a … Read more

European Journal of Immunology, Volume 56, Issue 10, October 2026.

Distinct prostaglandin circuits regulate human ILC2 and ILC3 function. ILC3-derived PGE2 promotes type 3 cytokine production, whereas hybrid ILC2/3 generated during plasticity retain an inhibitory response to PGE2 despite acquiring ILC3-like features. ABSTRACT Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) drive eosinophilic asthma, whereas ILC3 and plastic ILC2/3 states are implicated in neutrophilic and mixed granulocytic … Read more

The sulfatide analog SAP-3 activated ex vivo iNKT cells, improving the quality of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. SAP-3 is a promising novel vaccine adjuvant candidate that enhances antitumor immune responses. ABSTRACT Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are CD1d-restricted T cells that recognize lipid antigens. Studies of analogs of a prototypic iNKT cell antigen, … Read more

Our study reveals reduced B-cell OXPHOS and translation in both IFN-positive and IFN-negative Sjögren’s patients. IFN-positive patients display expansion of naïve-IFN, transitional and double-negative B cells with increased glycolysis, amino-acid metabolism, NF-κB signaling and autophagy. The B-cell–specific IFN score shows superior clinical correlations to autoantibodies than other immune cells. ABSTRACT Sjögren’s disease (SjD) is a … Read more

The MRP8Cre mouse model is frequently used to investigate the biology of neutrophils. This study reports that MRP8Cre transgenic have a lower body weight and improved metabolic health, especially after high fat diet feeding, which correlates with decreased Serpine1/PAI-1 expression in metabolic organs. Image created with BioRender.com. ABSTRACT Obesity is a major risk factor for … Read more

This study integrates immunohistochemical evidence of NK cell infiltration in solid tumors, clinical outcomes of NK cell-based therapies, and transcriptomic analyses of more than 10,000 TCGA samples. Together, these complementary datasets provide a multimodal framework for prioritizing tumor indications and informing the rational design of future NK cell-based clinical trials. ABSTRACT T cell-based immunotherapies have … Read more

Intranasal vaccination induces pulmonary neutrophil accumulation and SLPI release, accompanied by changes in soluble mediators associated with tissue remodelling, coagulation, and total IgA. ABSTRACT Vaccines delivered via the nasal route have attracted increasing attention for their capacity to engage the mucosal immune system at the primary site of pathogen entry. However, the early innate mechanisms … Read more

SARS-CoV-2 infection drives transient B-cell remodeling toward an activated, regulatory-like phenotype. In this randomized sub-study, the polyclonal neutralizing antibody XAV-19 did not detectably alter B-cell phenotype, transcriptome, or function relative to placebo, indicating that passive polyclonal therapy preserves B-cell homeostasis during acute COVID-19. ABSTRACT Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are emerging as pivotal modulators of immune … Read more

Whether viral lipids can directly interact with pattern recognition receptors to modulate antiviral immune responses remains unclear. We show that Mincle-dependent recognition of HCMV viral particles induces proinflammatory cytokine production in primary human macrophages. These findings demonstrate that Mincle recognition of HCMV lipid envelope constitutes a novel pattern recognition mechanism. ABSTRACT Enveloped viruses possess a … Read more

(A) BMMCs are substantially more resistant to oxygen deprivation than neurons, microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and fibroblasts. (B) Role of SHIP-1 in primary mouse bone marrow mast cells’ hypoxia response. Under hypoxia, SHIP-1 induces cytokine release. SHIP1 restrains hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cytokine secretion in BMMCs via the RAS/ RAF, HIF1α, and PI3K/AKT pathways. The graphical abstract was prepared … Read more

The graphical abstract illustrates MTEX-driven reprogramming of CD3(+) T cells in patients with melanoma. ABSTRACT Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) released by T cells play a key role in immune regulation. Immune capture with anti-CD3 antibodies was used to isolate and study T cell-derived CD3(+)sEV from the plasma of patients with melanoma (MPs) or healthy donors … Read more

Sex-biased synovial immunity features enhanced CCL3/CCL4-mediated CD8+ T-cell infiltration in female early-onset RA. This immune signature correlates with disease activity and fuels joint inflammation in female ERA patients. ABSTRACT Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) exhibits significant sexual dimorphism, with females being two to three times more susceptible than males. CD8+ T cells are key effector immune cells … Read more

European Journal of Immunology, Volume 56, Issue S4, September 2026.

Circulating antigen-reactive CD4+ T cells and antibody responses in serum and lavage against the ETEC noncanonical virulence factors EatA, EtpA, and YghJ were found in volunteers experimentally infected with ETEC. This documents the immunogenicity of these antigens and supports their further evaluation as ETEC vaccine candidates. ABSTRACT A broadly protective licensed vaccine against enterotoxigenic Escherichia … Read more

mRNA vaccination triggers an early, transient wave of altered transcript isoform usage peaking at 24 h and resolving by Day 14, affecting genes involved in innate immunity. Confirmed by long-read sequencing and reproduced across influenza, Ebola, and MVA-based vaccine cohorts, these results highlight a previously underappreciated feature of vaccine-induced transcriptional regulation. ABSTRACT Vaccine-induced transcriptional responses have … Read more

Our cover features images related to flow cytometry techniques widely used for analysis of function and phenotypes of major human and murine immune cell subsets, superimposed on a multidimensional immune cell population scatter plot. These images are taken from the third edition of EJI’s Flow Cytometry Guidelines by Cossarizza et al., a comprehensive resource prepared … Read more

European Journal of Immunology, Volume 56, Issue 9, September 2026.

Staphylococcus aureus skin infection generates long-lived tissue-resident memory T cells that provide enhanced local recall responses to reinfection, leading to improved bacterial clearance. Skin Trm could therefore be a potential correlate of protective immunity and targeted in future vaccine development. ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), yet … Read more

Household members of SARS-CoV-2 positive index persons donated a serum sample (t = 0). Within 14 days, the household members reported if COVID-19-like symptoms appeared and returned after 2 weeks to be retested. Serum responses were comprehensively measured and elevated variant-specific IgA1 and neutralizing antibody responses identified in the noninfected group. ABSTRACT Correlates of protection … Read more

Autocrine IL-9 production by ILC2s promotes their expansion and effector responses, including IL-5-driven eosinophilia, in response to airway allergens. In contrast, Th2 cell-intrinsic IL-9R signaling is dispensable for type 2 lung inflammation. Lung monocytes, macrophages, and DCs do not respond to IL-9 in asthma models due to the absence of IL-9R expression. ABSTRACT Interleukin-9 (IL-9) … Read more

We infected Germ-free and normal SPF mice infected with strains of LCMV that cause chronic infections. In both types of mice, T cell exhaustion progressed to similar levels. Thus, the microbiome is dispensable for the induction of T cell exhaustion. ABSTRACT Prolonged antigen exposure in chronic viral infections reduces the effector capacity of cytotoxic T … Read more

GLUT3 is essential for T regulatory (Treg) cell metabolic fitness, supporting both glycolysis and mitochondrial function required for their suppressive activity and effector differentiation. Loss of GLUT3 in Treg cells leads to impaired immune regulation and systemic autoimmunity, highlighting a critical role for glucose uptake in maintaining immune tolerance. ABSTRACT Regulatory T (Treg) cells are … Read more

Acute T. gondii infection caused thymic atrophy, reduced IL-2, and a sharp decline in Treg cells. As infection resolves, IL-2 and thymic function recover, which partially restores Tregs. Fate-mapping shows thymic Treg generation remains intact, but surviving peripheral Tregs chiefly rebuild the pool. Antiparasitic treatment can enhance thymic Treg generation. ABSTRACT Thymically-derived regulatory T (Treg) … Read more

European Journal of Immunology, Volume 56, Issue S3, August 2026.

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells support germinal center (GC) B cells, generating long-lived antibody-secreting and memory B cells. RNA-binding proteins likely fine-tune Tfh function, but selective deletion of ZFP36L1 from Tfh cells alters neither their differentiation nor GC responses. This suggests further redundancy within the ZFP36 family. ABSTRACT T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are critical … Read more

Ryr1 deletion reduces Ca2+ microdomains and delays global Ca2+ signaling in naïve CD4+ T cells but does not impair their activation, proliferation, or differentiation in vitro. Despite altered Ca2+ signaling, Ryr1 expression in CD4+ T cells was dispensable for their pathogenicity in murine models of intestinal inflammation. ABSTRACT T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling is necessary for … Read more

CRISPR-mediated gene editing enables efficient genetic manipulation of ILC2s through ex vivo or in vivo activation and Cas9 RNP delivery. This platform provides a robust approach to dissect gene function in ILC2s, with minimal manipulation.

The yEFIS Women in Science campaigns highlighted the achievements of women in immunology while raising awareness of persistent structural barriers, fostering dialogue, networking and greater recognition of gender equity in science.

Human thymopoiesis undergoes a dynamic postnatal transition, revealing maximal intrathymic sjTREC production at birth, shifts in thymocyte phenotype and composition, and a transient wave of effector Vδ2+ γδ T cells during early infancy. ABSTRACT The thymus generates a diverse and self-tolerant T-cell repertoire. Its development and output undergo profound changes from fetal to early postnatal … Read more

Our cover features images related to flow cytometry techniques widely used for analysis of function and phenotypes of major human and murine immune cell subsets, superimposed on a multidimensional immune cell population scatter plot. These images are taken from the third edition of EJI’s Flow Cytometry Guidelines by Cossarizza et al., a comprehensive resource prepared … Read more

European Journal of Immunology, Volume 56, Issue 8, August 2026.

European Journal of Immunology, Volume 56, Issue 8, August 2026.

European Journal of Immunology, Volume 56, Issue S2, July 2026.

European Journal of Immunology, Volume 56, Issue 7, July 2026.

This review introduces the “Epithelial Immunopharmacological Rheostat,” a framework where the respiratory epithelium calibrates immune tolerance versus inflammation through four interacting axes. Dysregulation of these axes drives chronic lung diseases, offering a roadmap for precision therapies that reset the rheostat. ABSTRACT The respiratory epithelium is a dynamic immunopharmacological interface that transcends its traditional role as … Read more

This study describes the generation of a recombinant IFNα2-BCMAext-GFP probe, which enables sensitive detection of BCMA-directed CAR-T cells. The probe efficiently identifies idecabtagene vicleucel (ide-cel) CAR-T cells in patients with multiple myeloma and provides a simple alternative to current BCMA-based detection reagents. ABSTRACT Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-based strategies target the B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) expressed … Read more

Inflammaging is a chronic, low-grade, sterile inflammation associated with aging that contributes to age-related diseases and functional decline. Recent research suggests that targeting inflammaging through senolytics, metabolic modulators, microbiome-based interventions, and lifestyle modifications may help improve healthspan, reduce chronic disease burden, and promote healthy aging. ABSTRACT Inflammaging, defined as the persistent, low-grade sterile inflammation accompanying … Read more

Immunity to Trichuris muris infection is unimpacted by epithelial knockout of TSLP expression. Imaging of transcription in the caecum reveals Tslp transcription throughout infection in EpCAM-, Foxl1-, Ccl24- lamina propria-resident cells, contributing during the expulsion phase of infection. ABSTRACT Recent research examining classical type two alarmin TSLP has uncovered non-epithelial cellular sources of the cytokine … Read more

Our study describes how the effector maturation of intrathymic iNKT and MAIT cells is guided by distinct hematopoietic APCs: DC1s for iNKT cells and macrophages for MAIT cells. ABSTRACT The development of unconventional αβ T cells, including invariant natural killer T (iNKT) and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, in the thymus is distinct from conventional … Read more

Complement factor H is a central regulator of the complement system and thus a target for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we provide an overview of past and current factor H-based therapeutic concepts and modalities to treat complement-mediated diseases. ABSTRACT The complement system is a key component of innate immunity, modulating immunological processes to maintain … Read more

Immunological disturbances such as persistent activation of immune cells and reduced cytotoxicity by natural killer (NK) cells are reported as key aspects in post-COVID-19 condition (PCC). Our findings provide new evidence of altered passive and TRPM3-mediated Ca2+ influx, significantly impacting cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Ca2+ mobilization in PCC. ABSTRACT According to the World Health Organization (WHO), … Read more

This review examines how a high-salt diet disrupts gut microbiota composition, impairs intestinal barrier integrity, and modulates macrophage function, with a focus on their interconnection along the gut-liver axis. It highlights key methodological challenges, summarizes current mechanistic understanding, and identifies critical gaps for future research. ABSTRACT The Global North is increasingly exposed to a Western … Read more

Pam3CSK4 amplifies aPL-induced monocyte activation. This results in thromboinflammatory activation that may contribute to APS-related vascular pathology. ABSTRACT Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are drivers of inflammation and thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying infection-induced exacerbation of APS remain incompletely understood. To identify novel pathways contributing to the pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulant activation of … Read more

European Journal of Immunology, Volume 56, Issue 7, July 2026.

Our cover features images related to flow cytometry techniques widely used for analysis of function and phenotypes of major human and murine immune cell subsets, superimposed on a multidimensional immune cell population scatter plot. These images are taken from the third edition of EJI’s Flow Cytometry Guidelines by Cossarizza et al., a comprehensive resource prepared … Read more

Excessive complement activation is implicated in a broad range of diseases. Therapeutic approaches targeting the complement cascade, from pathway-selective inhibition to terminal blockade, can effectively control disease activity. However, increasing degrees of complement inhibition are associated with a heightened susceptibility to bacterial, viral, and fungal infections, with encapsulated bacteria at the highest risk (Neisseria meningitidis, … Read more

Naïve T cells against islet neoantigen exist in peripheral blood that can be primed ex vivo to become regulatory T cells despite the high immunogenic potential of neoantigen. These neoantigen-induced Tregs show complete suppressive capacity and phenotype indistinguishable from autoantigen-induced Tregs. Created in BioRender (2026). ABSTRACT Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from T cell-mediated destruction … Read more

Removal of Fc-fragments from human IgG or Fc-fused proteins. (1) IgG or Fc-fusion proteins are incubated with IdeS-Fc; (2) Fc fragments are retained using protein G agarose beads; and (3) the F(ab’)2 fragments or Fc-free proteins are collected by centrifugation in the original buffer without IdeS contamination.

European Journal of Immunology, Volume 56, Issue S1, June 2026.

Ex vivo characterization of antigen-specific CD8 T cells is crucial but often limited by expansion bottlenecks. We identify p16INK4A as a key regulator of TCR-dependent and homeostatic proliferation. CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of CDKN2A rescues proliferation and improves IFN-γ secretion while maintaining TCR-dependency, enabling robust expansion for functional characterization and clinical applications. ABSTRACT The possibility of enhancing … Read more

JN.1 vaccination induced strong, cross-reactive CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses and markedly boosted neutralizing antibodies, especially against omicron variants. Influenza vaccine coadministration did not impair immunogenicity. Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with higher baseline and postvaccine neutralizing activity, while cellular responses remained unaffected by infection history. ABSTRACT The continuous evolution of SARS-CoV-2 raises concerns about … Read more

Complement activation links acute traumatic brain injury to chronic neuroinflammation, maladaptive synaptic pruning, and progressive cognitive decline. These findings support targeted complement inhibition, particularly at the level of C3, as a promising strategy to preserve synaptic integrity and reduce long-term neurodegenerative sequelae after TBI. ABSTRACT Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is increasingly recognized not only as … Read more

Complement therapeutics have expanded considerably, but systemic inhibitors remain limited by infection risks, breakthrough events, and loss of physiological functions. Emerging targeted approaches aim for organ-, tissue-, or cell-specific modulation of complement activity, potentially offering greater precision while reducing treatment burden and preserving beneficial complement functions. ABSTRACT The landscape of complement therapeutics has significantly broadened … Read more

PMA/ionomycin and CD3/CD28 stimulation induce fundamentally distinct signaling programs in primary human T cells. While CD3/CD28 stimulation activates both ERK and IL-2/STAT5 signaling pathways, PMA/ionomycin induces predominantly ERK-dependent proliferation despite robust IL-2 production and CD25 upregulation. These findings highlight important mechanistic and methodological differences between pharmacological and receptor-mediated T-cell activation.

This review explores how mesenteric adipose tissue, particularly creeping fat, contributes to intestinal inflammation through dysregulated adipokine signalling. We explore how metabolic stress alters immune-adipose interactions and promotes disease progression. Insights from mechanistic studies highlight mesenteric adipose tissue as a key driver of inflammation and a potential therapeutic target. ABSTRACT Inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn’s … Read more

Inducing memory inflation (MI) is a promising future vaccination strategy. We show that spread-defective cytomegalovirus does not induce MI in the absence of CD4+ T cells. Support from CD4+ T cells can drive effector differentiation of MI cells, even late in the response, and contributes to long-term response maintenance. ABSTRACT Memory inflation (MI) is a … Read more

This review highlights T cell exhaustion as an adaptive differentiation trajectory, not dysfunction, showing how precursor, intermediate, and terminal exhausted states maintain antigen recognition while limiting tissue damage in chronic immune activation. ABSTRACT T cell exhaustion is now recognised as a structured, antigen-driven differentiation programme rather than a state of cellular fatigue. Under sustained antigen … Read more

This review will explore the role of the factor H-related (FHR) proteins in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), their accumulation in the outer blood/retinal barrier, and how they may contribute to barrier dysfunction and inflammation. ABSTRACT Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the third most common form of blindness in the Western world, with a predicted 288 … Read more

LPS-stimulated macrophages exhibit high glycolytic flux, with pyruvate preferentially converted to lactate even under normoglycemic conditions, limiting pyruvate availability for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and reducing oxygen consumption rate (OCR). Glucose deprivation increases OCR; however, an innate hypoxic state is associated with low UCP2 levels in this phenotype. In contrast, under normal glucose conditions, … Read more

Given the relatively high level of coexistence, a nonlinear model is more suitable for mutual exclusion than a linear model. Based on mutual exclusion, negative markers were identified for CD4+ cytotoxic T cells, particularly CD126. However, according to FACS analysis, CD28 is the most effective cell surface negative marker. ABSTRACT CD4 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) … Read more

The immunoglobulin (Ig) domain exon of human NKp30 contains internal splice sites. A unique intraexonic splicing mechanism produces a short Ig domain that lacks 25 residues but maintains the Ig-fold structure and is expressed on the cell surface. Unlike full-length NKp30, the short version (NKp30-S) does not bind the cancer cell ligand B7H6. ABSTRACT The … Read more

Our cover features images related to flow cytometry techniques widely used for analysis of function and phenotypes of major human and murine immune cell subsets, superimposed on a multidimensional immune cell population scatter plot. These images are taken from the third edition of EJI’s Flow Cytometry Guidelines by Cossarizza et al., a comprehensive resource prepared … Read more

European Journal of Immunology, Volume 56, Issue 6, June 2026.

Autofluorescence in liver tissue is heterogeneous and dynamically altered during metabolic liver disease, complicating spectral flow cytometry analysis. We provide a structured framework for identifying and handling condition-dependent autofluorescence, demonstrating that inadequate autofluorescence correction biases macrophage quantification and subset resolution in complex liver samples. ABSTRACT Autofluorescence (AF) in biological tissues arises from the natural emission … Read more

An isolation protocol for plasma cells (PC) from the chicken Harderian gland (HG) was established, and analyses of PCs revealed a FSChigh/CD45med/sIgpos/CD57pos/CXCR4high/TACIlow phenotype. Presence of CXCL12 and BAFF around HG PCs suggests a contribution of CXCL12–CXCR4 and BAFF–TACI to PC localization and survival. ABSTRACT Due to fundamental differences in B cell development between birds and … Read more

We investigated differences in peptide repertoire when β2-microglobulin is fused to the HLA-I heavy chain. We observed: (1) that immunopeptidomes changed in this condition, (2) an overall increased median IC50 of the entire peptide repertoire, and (3) a reduced presentation of cancer-specific epitopes with a strong predicted binding affinity for HLA-I. ABSTRACT β2-Microglobulin (β2m) is … Read more

Our study reveals that STING activation in dendritic cells using cGAMP-VLP enhances CD8+ T cell recognition of live tumor cells by inducing type I interferon-dependent upregulation of MHC-I on tumor cells in vitro. In vivo, cGAMP-VLP boosts antitumor immunity even in cGAS-deficient tumors, thereby improving the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade. These findings uncover a … Read more

High-dimensional imaging mass cytometry reveals diverse macrophage populations in human dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Microglia-like cells, characterized by markers such as P2RY12, SLC2A5, and TMEM119, localize near neuronal structures, whereas other myeloid subsets are found in interstitial regions. Spatial analysis reveals distinct localization patterns within the DRG. ABSTRACT The human dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are … Read more

This study shows that loss of sialylation in CT26 cells reduces peritoneal tumor burden, correlating with a lower peritoneal cancer index score. These tumors exhibited increased immune infiltration with prominent alterations in the myeloid compartment and immune cell correlations unique to desialylated tumors, indicating profound reshaping of antitumor immunity. ABSTRACT Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients are … Read more

YB-1 is essential for invariant NKT cell development, integrating TCR, co-stimulatory, and IL-15 signaling to control maturation, subset differentiation, and survival. Its loss at the double-positive thymocyte stage causes ∼80% iNKT cell depletion, maturation arrest, impaired cytokine production, and increased apoptosis. ABSTRACT Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) is a multifunctional RNA- and DNA-binding protein with … Read more

The A allele of the intronic SNP rs80262450 in the PTPN2 gene favors the expression of the splicing isoform PTPN2.4. This cytoplasmic isoform enhances TNF-α production in myeloid cells, thereby contributing to intestinal inflammation. These findings identify PTPN2.4 as a key pathogenic regulator and potential therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel disease. ABSTRACT Genome-wide association studies … Read more

Hypoxia activates the HIF complex (HIF-1α, HIF-1β, HIF-2α) to induce AID expression in B cells independently of cytokine signaling. However, hypoxia alone is insufficient to trigger class switch recombination (CSR), which additionally requires cytokine-driven chromatin accessibility, highlighting a mechanistic uncoupling between AID induction and functional antibody diversification. ABSTRACT Hypoxia has been shown to shape the … Read more

This study showed dysregulated αβ T cell homeostasis with ongoing T cell activation and low-grade inflammation in 5-12-year-old CHD children who underwent early-life cardiac surgery with thymectomy, characterized by reduced naïve T cells and increased memory/effector and senescent-like T cells. There was also higher expression of inhibitory receptors on effector T cells and elevated suppressive … Read more

Genetic and epidemiological studies have together identified hundreds of risk factors for MS, but we know relatively little about the mechanisms through which these cause disease. In this review, we explore a new generation of studies that are integrating genetics and environment to uncover disease mechanisms. Progress toward novel therapeutics is likely to come from … Read more

Nur77 is associated with a TCF-1+ memory-like, polyfunctional profile in virus-specific human CD8+ T cells across acute-resolved, vaccinated, and chronic viral infections, and its pharmacologic modulation in vitro enhances the functionality of dysfunctional HIV- and HBV-specific CD8+ T cells in chronic co-infections. ABSTRACT Human CD8+ T cells undergo significant metabolic and transcriptional shifts during activation … Read more

The evolving landscape of transcriptomic technologies tailored for neutrophil research. ABSTRACT Tumor neutrophils exhibit marked phenotypic plasticity and can play dual roles in tumor biology, encompassing both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressive activities. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) enables transcriptomic profiling of tumor neutrophils at single-cell resolution, whereas spatial transcriptomics (ST) addresses key limitations of scRNA-seq by preserving … Read more

In the absence of a pre-BCR, a subset of mature B cells that expresses IgH chains with very short, hydrophobic and positively charged H-CDR3 loops is generated. This results in massive clonal expansion and the development of autoreactive plasma cells exhibiting these characteristics. ABSTRACT The immune system is essential for protection against invading pathogens. However, if … Read more

Basal IFN-I acts as a rheostat to fine-tune CD8 T cell anergy. The presence of IFN-I induces a less deep anergic state characterised by greater expansion, residual effector function and plasticity. This favours the accumulation of autoreactive T cells that retain the potential to break tolerance rather than undergoing deletion. Created in BioRender (2026). https://BioRender.com/y0syq8s … Read more

European Journal of Immunology, Volume 56, Issue 5, May 2026.

Integrated overview of host defense and immune evasion in Lyme Borreliosis. Bbsl evades immunity through tick saliva-mediated suppression of innate defenses, TLR2/NOD2-driven cytokine dysregulation, and interference with JAK/STAT and CIITA-dependent antigen presentation. Impaired autophagy skews responses toward pathogenic Th17 activity, while disrupted lymph node architecture, persistent IgM, and defective CD4+ T cell function collectively impair … Read more

Spatial multiomics profiling can reveal how tumor heterogeneity and microenvironment influence ADC efficacy. Combining spatial transcriptomics, proteomics, and AI-based analysis improves the identification of tissue factors influencing therapy response. This integrative approach potentially enables prediction of response, resistance, and optimized patient selection, which we review here. ABSTRACT Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) have transformed the therapeutic landscape … Read more

IC-mediated inflammatory response—the NLRP3 inflammasome activation, cytokine secretion, and antigen presentation depend on SYK signalling pathways in primary murine microglia. ABSTRACT Viral infections might trigger systemic inflammatory responses characterised by inflammasome activation and cytokine release, driven by immune complex (IC) formation, but the precise mechanism remains unknown. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a vital component of … Read more

Our cover features images related to flow cytometry techniques widely used for analysis of function and phenotypes of major human and murine immune cell subsets, superimposed on a multidimensional immune cell population scatter plot. These images are taken from the third edition of EJI’s Flow Cytometry Guidelines by Cossarizza et al., a comprehensive resource prepared … Read more

An attenuated live vaccine (OTS-300) expressing the XBB.1.5 Spike provided rapid and complete protection against homologous challenge in the hamster model, accompanied by fast systemic and mucosal antibody responses and markedly reduced transmission compared with XBB.1.5 mRNA vaccination. Therefore, vaccination with the OTS LAV platform may help to disrupt transmission chains. ABSTRACT The emergence of … Read more

We previously showed that primary differentiation of naïve T cells is dependent on IRF4. Now we show that maintenance of already differentiated conventional and pathogenic Th17 cells is also dependent on IRF4.

ADAR1 expression increase during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation via an alternative transcription start site. Isoform-specific ADAR1 activity governs key macrophage functions, including efferocytosis, endocytosis, lipid metabolism, and proliferation. Moreover, ADAR1 in macrophages responds to different metabolic states and buffers lipotoxicity under high metabolic load. Vectors obtained from https://BioRender.com. ABSTRACT Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) regulates … Read more

Compared with IgG+ and IgM+ memory B cells, IgA+ memory B cells displayed distinct phenotypical markers: PD-L1, GPR183, CCR9, CCR10, α4β7, CD11b. A particular transcriptomic signature, with RUNX2, ARHGEF10L, XYLT1, TRPS1, and CHL1 upregulation, characterized the IgA+ memory B cell population, whereas miR4432HG was a marker of IgG+ memory B cells. ABSTRACT IgA is the … Read more

By comparing various brain tumors, we identified a CX3CR1+ Siglec10+ double-positive macrophage subpopulation specifically enriched in highly malignant Glioblastomas (GBMs), wherein they accumulated in metabolically active tumor areas. Thus, they potentially serve as a diagnostic indicator population for GBMs and as targets of future GBM-specific treatment strategies. ABSTRACT Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most … Read more

ABSTRACT EXPRESSION OF CONCERN: M. Barel, M. Balbo, M. Le Romancer and R. Frade, “Activation of Epstein-Barr Virus/C3d Receptor (gp140, CR2, CD21) on Human Cell Surface Triggers pp60src and Akt-GSK3 Activities Upstream and Downstream to PI 3-Kinase, Respectively,” European Journal of Immunology 33, no. 9 (2003): 2557–2566, https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200324059. This Expression of Concern is for the … Read more

Constitutive interferon (IFN) production is regulated by microbiota and essential for optimal immune responses. Here, we demonstrate that expression of the glycoprotein of LCM virus upregulates constitutive IFN-β levels and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in transgenic mice. Moreover, it increased self-antigen-driven memory-phenotype CD4 T cells and effector regulatory CD4 T cells. ABSTRACT Besides the strong Type … Read more

Through the lens of spatial transcriptomics and associated tools, novel immune niche constituents can now be resolved. Drawing on gut and tumor contexts, we propose a framework to define immune niches and integrate clonal dynamics, aiming to advance niche-directed therapies toward precise, context-specific immune modulation. ABSTRACT Spatial transcriptomics allows for the investigation of complex cellular … Read more

Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from umbilical cord were used to recreate a human stromal environment for B-cell development in vitro. In co-culture, CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors from bone marrow or cord blood differentiated into mature IgM-expressing B cells by day 11, while the Nalm-16 B-ALL cell line showed rapid IgM expression as early as … Read more

Human memory Th cells were separated into Tcm (CD45RO+ CD62L+) and Tem (CD45RO+ CD62L−). Nicotine preferentially suppressed Th1-, Th2-, Th17-, and Tfh-associated programs in Tcm via an α7nAChR-dependent mechanism, with minimal effect in Tem. ABSTRACT Memory T helper (Th) cells sustain protective recall responses but can also drive chronic inflammation, necessitating precise regulation of their … Read more

Nectin-4 is a tumour-specific antigen that interacts selectively with the immune receptor TIGIT, resulting in inhibition of NK-cell cytotoxicity. We have explored the molecular and structural basis of this interaction and leveraged the information for structure-guided engineering of a TIGIT mutant exhibiting higher interaction affinity with nectin-4 and weaker binding to nectin-2 and PVR. The … Read more

To enable the analysis of B cell and T cell immune responses in mouse lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow, including different B cell and T cell subsets and their activation status, as well as the antigen-reactivity and isotype of B cells, a novel 31-parameter spectral flow cytometry panel was developed.