More than 30 million people with HIV must take antiretroviral therapy (ART) medications daily to keep the virus under control, according to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). The drugs are effective but don’t eliminate the virus; …
One of the biggest hurdles in developing an HIV vaccine is coaxing the body to produce the right kind of immune cells and antibodies. In most vaccines, HIV proteins are attached to a larger protein scaffolding that mimics a virus. Then, a person’s immu…
Predicting tumor progression is one of the major challenges in oncology. Scientists at the University of Geneva (UNIGE) and the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research have discovered that neutrophils, a type of immune cell, undergo reprogramming when the…
In modern medicine, antibiotics are among the most powerful tools for preventing and treating life-threatening bacterial infections. Their effectiveness, however, often depends on using the right drug at the right time. Recognizing this challenge, Yale…
A research team from POSTECH and ImmunoBiome in Korea, led by Professor Sin-Hyeog Im, has uncovered a new mechanism showing how butyrate—a short-chain fatty acid produced by gut commensal bacteria—enhances T follicular helper (Tfh) cell activity to pro…
Researchers from the HUN-REN Szeged Biological Research Centre and HCEMM have just published a new study suggesting that it’s not simply the number of tumor mutations that matters for immunotherapy, but the kind of mutation patterns they create. The te…
Our immune system implements an array of strategies to combat threatening infections. White blood cells called cytotoxic T lymphocytes or “CD8 T cells” are soldiers of the immune system, serving as defensive agents that fight invading pathogens. Their …
Researchers at UC San Francisco have uncovered a new clue to how Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) could contribute to multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic autoimmune disease that affects nearly one million Americans. The work found that certain types of CD8+ “ki…
A multi-institutional study led by researchers at UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, and UC San Diego has uncovered new genetic rules that determine how powerful immune cells—known as CD8+ killer T ce…
A team led by UCL researchers with Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) and Moorfields Eye Hospital, found B cells—alongside T cells—play a key role in arthritis-related eye disease (JIA uveitis), a condition that can cause long-term vision loss in chil…
A UCLA research team has identified the best design for a promising new type of immunotherapy that could be mass-produced to treat multiple solid tumors. The study focused on engineered invariant natural killer T cells, or NKT cells—powerful immune cel…
Background
NUT carcinoma is a rare but highly lethal solid tumor without an effective standard of care. NUT carcinoma is caused by bromodomain-containing NUTM1 fusion oncogenes, most commonly BRD4::NUTM1. BRD4::NUTM1 recruits p300 to acetylate H3K27 f…
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death and remains a significant global health challenge. Cancer vaccines have emerged as a promising immunotherapy for long-term tumor control. While Listeria monocytogenes (Lm)-b…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 05 February 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01276-4Ruslan Medzhitov shares his thoughts on the balance between generating data and developing theories in immunology, with a focus on exploring t…
CD83 and UBL3 are regulators of MHCII surface expression; however, only CD83 has a known role in regulating CD4+ T cell selection. This paper describes a role for UBL3 in regulating MHC II expression on thymic epithelium in a CD83-deficient context, leading to alterations in CD4+ T cell positive selection. ABSTRACT CD83 is critical for … Read more
LCMV-infected Znfx1-deficient mice develop hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)-like immune dysregulation, mirroring key aspects of the immunopathology observed in ZNFX1-deficient patients. ABSTRACT Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a severe inflammatory syndrome characterized by persistent activation of lymphocytes and macrophages. Recently, deleterious autosomal recessive mutations in ZNFX1 were reported to predispose pediatric patients to HLH-like disease upon viral trigger. … Read more
A deeper understanding of the natural killer cell gene expression regulation driving NK cell maturation and cytotoxicity could provide critical insights into optimizing NK therapies. Our findings reveal novel enhancers governing NK cell genes for NCAM1/CD56 and cis-regulation for KIR receptors and clarify existing models of NK cell cis-accessibility regulation. ABSTRACT Owing to their immunoprotective … Read more
Chicken B cell development represents a remarkable evolutionary divergence from mammalian paradigms, featuring unique three-stage ontogeny centered on the bursa of Fabricius, an avian-specific primary B cell lymphoid organ. Unlike mammals where B cells…
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. The clinical treatment faces multiple challenges of significant tumor heterogeneity, prevalence of chemo-resistance, low response rate to immunotherapy…
Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the oral cavity. It is characterized by progressive destruction of the periodontal supporting tissues and alveolar bone loss, and it remains a leading cause of tooth loss in adults. In recent ye…
Osteosarcoma, the most prevalent primary malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents, remains a formidable clinical challenge due to its high metastatic potential and limited therapeutic progress over the past three decades. While surgery combined…
IntroductionMucosal immunity provides frontline protection at respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital surfaces, where secretory IgA and tissue-resident T cells such as TH17 limit colonization and early replication of pathogens. Conventional paren…
This review aims to provide an overview of dengue–COVID–19 co-infection, emphasizing recently described immunological, genomic, and eco-epidemiological interactions that may influence clinical outcomes and viral evolution. It brings together molecular …
BackgroundAplastic anemia (AA) is a rare but serious blood disorder defined by autoimmune-driven destruction of bone marrow stem and progenitor cells. HLA polymorphisms are AA risk factors, with population-specific associations influencing disease susc…
Bile acids (BAs) have evolved from their classical role in lipid digestion to become central signaling molecules that integrate host metabolism, gut microbiota, and immune function. This review examines how diverse BAs regulate both innate and adaptive…
ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of tocilizumab (TCZ) combined with short-term high-dose glucocorticoids in rapidly controlling disease activity and reducing glucocorticoid use in patients with adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD)…
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) provides therapeutic benefits to a subset of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, reliable predictors of treatment efficacy remain scarce. This study investigates whether RPB5-mediating protein (RMP) f…
BackgroundInflammation-driven fibrosis represents a common pathological endpoint in both heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), which together affect over 1 billion people worldwide. Understanding the shared molecular mechanisms by which …
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent airflow limitation and chronic airway inflammation, traditionally managed with inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids. However, a significant subset of patients exhibits s…
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a serious cardiovascular emergency that causes myocardial necrosis due to acute occlusion or spasm of a coronary artery leading to persistent ischemia and hypoxia; it is the major cause of death in patients with cardiovasc…
BackgroundHypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), including preeclampsia and gestational hypertension, are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) later in life. Mechanisms that link HDP to CVD, however, remain unclear.Meth…
Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is an indolent leukemic B-cell malignancy that typically presents with pancytopenia and splenomegaly. Many patients achieve durable initial remissions with nucleoside analogs but ultimately relapse as leukemic cells acquire or…
Ferroptosis, an emerging form of iron-dependent programmed cell death, has recently gained substantial research interest due to its involvement in various inflammatory disorders. Gouty arthritis (GA), a chronic inflammatory disease driven by the deposi…
IntroductionSepsis is a major global health burden associated with high mortality and multiple organ dysfunction, among which liver injury is a key determinant of poor prognosis. However, effective therapeutic strategies for sepsis-associated liver inj…
BackgroundSAPHO (synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis) syndrome is a rare autoinflammatory disease. Paradoxical reactions and immune deviation following biologic therapy are occasionally observed in clinical practice; however, to our…
IntroductionCistanche deserticola, a valued medicinal and food homologous material in traditional Chinese medicine, is renowned for enhancing immunity and protecting the mucosal barrier, with polysaccharides considered its primary active components. Ra…
IntroductionThe targeted-release budesonide formulation (Nefecon) addresses IgA nephropathy (IgAN) by inhibiting mucosal immune dysregulation in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), leading to reduced production of galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1)….
BackgroundThe Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation-Specific Comorbidity Index (HCT-CI) assigns a high-risk score to patients who develop secondary hematologic malignancies following solid tumors, indicating an increased risk of non-relapse mortality (NRM…
Reverse vaccinology (RV) was originally conceived to leverage genomic information for antigen selection and promised a paradigm change in vaccine design. After a steady increment since 2000 and surge in 2021, RV-related publications have recently plate…
IntroductionInsects possess a well-developed innate immune system, which encompasses both cellular and humoral mechanisms. On the basis of the similarities in neuropeptide actions between insects and vertebrates, we assume that neuropeptides such as ta…
ObjectivesNeonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE) is an antibody-mediated autoimmune disorder that can affect neurologic outcomes. Seizures are an uncommon but clinically important phenotype. This study assessed clinical features, neuroimaging findings, and…
BackgroundPeripheral immune tolerance is a key mechanism for maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmune responses. Although numerous studies have explored its molecular and cellular basis, a comprehensive and systematic overview of the fi…
BackgroundWhile immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are associated with better prognosis in advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the prognostic impact of single-organ irAE (uni-irAE), multiple-organ irAEs (multi-irAEs), and organ-speci…
Cancer Immunol Res. 2026 Feb 4. doi: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-25-0693. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Some patients undergoing immune checkpoint blockade treatment develop immune-related adverse events (irAEs) affecting multiple organs, but whether pituitary and thyroid dysfunction are prone to co-occur is unclear. A total of 1,014 patients treated at Nagoya University Hospital were prospectively assessed for pituitary … Read more
J Leukoc Biol. 2026 Feb 4:qiag019. doi: 10.1093/jleuko/qiag019. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Natural killer (NK) cell antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) contributes to effective antiviral immunity, yet the relative contribution of NK cell-intrinsic factors and antibodies in mediating these responses remain poorly understood. Here, we combined functional ADCC assays with single-cell transcriptomics of peripheral NK … Read more
Background
Immunotherapy has had limited success in pancreatic cancer, largely due to a low mutational burden and immunosuppressive microenvironment. Here we hypothesized that systemic delivery of viral antigens can redirect pre-existing antiviral imm…
by Kött, J., Matthes, N., Bauer, A. T., Zimmermann, N., Zell, T., Smit, D. J., Schneider, S. W., Gebhardt, C.
Background
The rapidly advancing field of cancer therapy has sparked growing interest in the potential synergy between anticoagulation and immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. Recent research highlights that anticoagulants, traditionally used fo…
Neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy (chemo-IO) has fundamentally reshaped the treatment paradigm for resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), challenging long-held surgical boundaries and redefining what constitutes “resectable” disease. Trials such …
Background
The CDKN2A gene encodes two canonical tumor suppressors, p16INK4A and p14ARF, which safeguard cells from malignant transformation by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to aberrant growth signals. Paradoxically, many cancer…
Background
Acquired resistance to KRAS G12C inhibitor sotorasib remains a critical challenge in non-small cell lung cancer treatment. A deeper, rational understanding of resistance mechanisms can enable the development of therapeutic strategies to ove…
by Silginer, M., Weller, M., Becher, B., Mastall, M., Weiss, T., Nunez, N. G., Kienzler, J. C., Roth, P.
Background
Glioblastoma, one of the most aggressive brain tumors, has been largely resistant to conventional immunotherapies, underscoring the need for novel treatment approaches. A promising strategy involves simultaneously inhibiting immunosuppressi…
J Leukoc Biol. 2026 Feb 3:qiag020. doi: 10.1093/jleuko/qiag020. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Despite advances in engineered adaptive immune cell therapies, current options for innate immune cell therapies are sparse. In this work, we demonstrate the utility of a neutrophil progenitor-based cell therapy. Murine conditionally-immortalized neutrophil progenitors (NPs) overcome some of the hurdles of alternative … Read more
BackgroundPrognostic determinants in anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody-associated epilepsy remain unclear, and no validated predictive model exists. We aimed to identify prognostic factors and develop a predictive model.MethodsThis multic…
BackgroundImmune system adaptation plays a crucial role in pregnancy success. Cellular senescence, linked to immune dysfunction and chronic inflammation, may contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes but remains poorly characterized during early gestati…
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are increasingly recognized as an outcome of multiple inflammatory processes. Despite a large recent research focus, the majority of attempts to therapeutically target chemokines, have not been successful. Thus, a better u…
This review provides a systematic and critical examination of the multifaceted roles of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis in liver diseases. We emphasize its context-dependent duality—exhibiting both pro- and anti-inflammatory, pro- and anti-fibrotic, and pro- an…
Trillions of microorganisms in the human gut are important regulators of health, and the gut and liver have a symbiotic relationship with them. The study found that there is bidirectional communication of substances and signals between the gut and live…
IntroductionTFE3 rearranged renal cell carcinoma (TFE3 rRCC) is a distinct and aggressive subtype of RCC characterized by poor prognosis. While TFE3 fusion proteins are central to its pathogenesis, their specific roles in tumor progression, particularl…
Endothelial cell senescence, once considered a passive manifestation of vascular aging, is now recognized as an active driver of atherosclerosis. Senescent endothelial cells (sECs) exhibit distinct morphological and molecular hallmarks, including irrev…
BackgroundThe pathogenesis of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) may involve lymphocyte-mediated immune mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and disease onset, severity, and the need for me…
IntroductionInfectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is a significant pathogen in salmonid aquaculture, with virulence determined mainly by amino acid residues in the VP2 capsid protein.MethodsThis study investigates the modifications of rainbow tro…
Radiotherapy (RT) and immunotherapy, which are cornerstone modalities in the realm of oncology, involve distinct mechanistic pathways and possess unique therapeutic potential. RT achieves localized tumor control by inducing DNA damage and disrupting th…
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a cornerstone of supportive care in oncology, widely used to prevent chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and maintain dose intensity and treatment schedule. While G-CSF has been shown to be safe and effecti…
BackgroundProgressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF) is a major cause of poor prognosis in connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD). This study aims to analyze and evaluate the incidence of PPF and related influencing factors …
ObjectiveTo develop a mechanistic physiologically-based model describing CD4+ T-lymphocyte homeostasis across the human lifespan, incorporating maturation, differentiation, migration aspects and the impact of age on distinct cell subpopulations.Methods…
Frozen shoulder (FS) is a condition primarily marked by chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the glenohumeral capsule. Clinically, it presents with persistent shoulder pain and limited joint mobility, often leading to impaired upper limb fu…
BackgroundThe role of neutrophils in exertional heat stroke (EHS), a life-threatening condition characterized by systemic inflammation, remains poorly defined. This study aimed to characterize the longitudinal profiles of neutrophil recruitment and act…
BackgroundPseudorabies virus (PRV) is a major swine pathogen that causes substantial economic losses. The dynamic remodeling of host cell chromatin plays a pivotal role during viral infections. However, the epigenetic mechanisms underlying PRV-host int…
