Post-COVID-19 Condition (PCC), impacting 30–90% of survivors, is characterized by persistent fatigue and metabolic dysfunction, often linked to underlying mitochondrial impairment. This review examines current evidence on mitochondrial-targeted nutriti…
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal interstitial lung disease characterized by progressive scarring, alveolar destruction, and limited therapeutic options. Although the exact etiology of IPF remains unclear, emerging evidence suggests that f…
Macrophages are essential components of all body tissues, including the synovium. Tissue macrophages originate either from embryonically seeded “primitive” macrophages or from bone marrow-derived monocytes. In adults, both sources contribute to macroph…
Over the past decade, inflammasome and cGAS-STING have received significant attention as immune components that coordinate host immune homeostasis. Although the inflammasome and cGAS-STING are relatively independent immune signaling pathways, some stud…
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by joint inflammation and damage, leading to disability and pain. The etiology of RA is undefined but considered multifactorial, as interactions between genetics and e…
Sepsis is a life-threatening systemic inflammatory syndrome characterized by a complex immune biphasic imbalance. Monitoring of immune status has not yet been implemented in clinical practice due to lack of direct therapeutic utility. Immune dysregulat…
Bile acids (BAs) are critical mediators of metabolic and immune regulation, influencing both liver and intestinal function. Their homeostasis, maintained through the enterohepatic circulation, is pivotal for immune-metabolic balance. BAs activate key r…
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is a widely underdiagnosed congenital disease that is fatal by 2-years old if left untreated. Most cases of SCID are diagnosed from the prompting of family history while other cases are sporadic and have no indic…
Glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, remains a significant challenge in oncology due to its immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). This review summarizes the complex interplay of immune cells and cytokines within t…
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive liver cancer with a rising incidence globally. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has revolutionized HCC treatment, yet response rates remain variable. Sex-based dispar…
