Secondary lower-extremity lymphedema has long been regarded primarily as a disorder of impaired lymphatic fluid return. However, growing evidence indicates that its core pathology is a lymph stasis-driven immune–stromal remodeling process characterized…
BackgroundFunctional cure rates in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remain below 10% after long-term nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) therapy, and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade achieves HBsAg clearance in approximately 30% of selected patients with low baseline HBsAg (≤100 …
Behçet’s disease (BD) is a complex, relapsing multisystem disorder characterized by autoinflammatory features. Because disease-specific diagnostic biomarkers are lacking and clinical presentation varies according to geographic background and organ invo…
Degenerative musculoskeletal and metabolic bone diseases are increasingly recognized as conditions sustained not only by endocrine and mechanical factors, but also by chronic low-grade immune activation and osteo-immune imbalance. This Perspective prop…
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), a leading driver of chronic low back pain, has become a major socioeconomic and public health burden due to its high disability rate and substantial treatment costs. Accumulating evidence has redefined IDD as an …
Hidradenitis suppurativa is currently considered an autoinflammatory disease. However, the cause of this inflammation remains unknown. Over the past 18 years, we have followed a cohort of 1,700 patients with hidradenitis suppurativa and identified, bot…
Concepts of how the immune system functions have evolved during the last half century. From widespread acceptance of Self-Nonself Discrimination to explain adaptive immunity, to increasing understanding of receptor-mediated activation of innate immunit…
The immune system operates within a dynamic physiological environment shaped by systemic regulatory signals, among which endocrine factors are increasingly recognized as important modulators of immune function. Although thyroid hormones are well known …
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has traditionally been conceptualized through an event-based framework in which relapses, lesion accumulation, and disability progression evolve along a linear temporal axis. However, converging pathological, imaging, biomarker,…
Neutrophilic asthma is a severe asthma subtype marked by persistent airway neutrophilia, Th17-skewed inflammation, and poor responsiveness to glucocorticoids. The mechanisms driving chronic neutrophilic inflammation and corticosteroid resistance remain…
