CD4 T-cell responses are important for the protection conferred by many infectious disease vaccines and can be quantitatively and qualitatively improved by adjuvants. The AS01 adjuvant is present in critical licensed or candidate vaccines against, amon…
Gastric cancer (GC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and PD-1 monotherapy offers limited clinical benefit due to intrinsic and acquired immune tolerance. PD-1-containing bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) represent an emerging immu…
Immunology has traditionally interpreted tissue pathology through models centered on immune-mediated cytotoxicity. In this prevailing model, functional decline is considered a downstream consequence of cell death and irreversible loss of cellular mass….
Immunological risk prediction in solid organ transplantation has long depended on threshold-based representation of histocompatibility data: donor-specific antibodies (DSA) reported as positive or negative, mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) assessed by…
The OX40/OX40L axis entered clinical development in atopic dermatitis with a strong biological rationale and early signs of durable activity. However, as the treatment landscape evolved, questions emerged about whether the magnitude of monotherapy bene…
Microglia are highly specialized immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). These cells exhibit remarkable plasticity, enabling them to adopt distinct phenotypes and functional profiles in response to changes in their microenvironment. Biologica…
Background and objectivesLupus nephritis (LN) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although recent years have witnessed the approval of several targeted therapies, achieving long-term, drug-free remi…
“Moderate-intensity exercise” is widely regarded as anti-inflammatory; however, meta-analyses of key cytokines have yielded highly inconsistent results. We argue that this inconsistency reflects not mere statistical noise, but a fundamental conceptual …
Despite major advances in lipid-lowering therapy and stent technology, a substantial proportion of patients undergoing contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) experience recurrent major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) driven by persi…
Obesity drives cardiovascular disease primarily through chronic meta-inflammation, yet the precise molecular convergence linking nutrient excess to sustained NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages has remained unclear. Obesity induces inhibitory …
