Deep brain stimulation as neuroimmune-metabolic modulation in Parkinson’s disease and beyond: tissue response, glial remodeling, and disease modification
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established symptomatic therapy for Parkinson’s disease (PD), yet its biological effects extend beyond modulation of abnormal basal ganglia circuitry. This review conceptualizes DBS in PD as a neuroimmune-metabolic in…