Current models of microbiome, immune crosstalk center on extracellular receptor-mediated signaling, yet a critical observation challenges this paradigm: intracellular concentrations of gut-derived bacterial metabolites (GDBMs) in CD4+ T cells do not co…
Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic inflammatory and fibrosing dermatosis with a well-documented autoimmune background and a dominant Th1/Th17-driven immune response. Despite growing insight into its immunopathogenesis, the mechanisms linking persistent…
An earlier publication suggested that elevated TGF-β1 together with IL-1β and IL-6 drives neutrophilic asthma, increases cancer risk, and is associated with metabolic dysregulation. This article examines how these cytokines shape the therapeutic effica…
Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) is characterized by pronounced heterogeneity, fluctuating severity, delayed post-perturbation crashes analogous to those documented in post-exertional malaise, and highly variable clinical trajectories that are poor…
BackgroundAllergic rhinitis (AR) is an underrecognized contributor to olfactory dysfunction (OD). Although smell loss in AR is commonly attributed to conductive obstruction, some patients exhibit persistent or disproportionate hyposmia despite improvem…
BackgroundDrug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) affects approximately one-third of patients with epilepsy and remains a major therapeutic challenge.Recent studies have demonstrated significant gut microbiota dysbiosis in patients with DRE, and certain interven…
Concepts of autoimmune disease have traditionally emphasized genetic susceptibility, antigen-specific immune activation, and inflammation as linear drivers of tissue injury and clinical symptoms. While this framework has been highly successful in expla…
BackgroundChronic inflammation represents a central mechanism underlying the persistence of immune-mediated diseases. Unlike acute inflammation, which resolves through coordinated regulatory checkpoints and active resolution programs, chronic inflammat…
BackgroundType 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) arises from a fundamental breakdown of central immune tolerance within the thymus. Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) express the Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE) protein, which drives the promiscuous transcr…
It has been known for decades that pigs, as well as some other mammals, possess a peculiar lymph node architecture commonly referred to as “inverted”. Although some direct consequences of this structure have been described, such as the altered circulat…
