Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can alter macrophage responses, but the contribution of individual RNA cargoes remains difficult to establish. Y RNA-derived fragments are candidate mediators whose mechanisms after EV exposure have not been c…
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) influences several processes relevant to cancer immunotherapy, yet its effects in solid tumours range from relief of myeloid suppression to reinforcement of immune tolerance. This divergence reflects the source and durati…
Melanoma cells respond to therapy not only through selection of pre-existing resistant clones, but also by rapidly engaging reversible adaptive programs that preserve viability under treatment. These programs connect signaling rewiring, metabolic plast…
Whether cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS)–stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling should be inhibited in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) cannot be answered from pathway abundance alone. Canonical ER–Golgi–TBK1–IRF3/NF-κB signaling can amplify in…
Glioma, particularly glioblastoma, remains difficult to treat because of limited drug penetration across the blood–brain barrier, profound immune suppression, and insufficient intracranial exposure of systemic immunotherapies. Intranasal nano-immunothe…
Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myocarditis (ICIM) is a rare yet potentially lethal complication of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy, which severely impacts patient prognosis and therapeutic efficacy. With the widespread application of imm…
Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is best understood as a syndrome of intestinal necrosis arising in a developmentally susceptible host, with overlapping inflammatory, ischemic, infectious, cardiac-related, and transfusion-associated triggers. N…
Herpesviruses establish lifelong latency and can reactivate when antiviral immune surveillance is compromised. Since the onset of COVID-19 pandemic, reactivation of multiple human herpesviruses has increasingly been documented, particularly in patients…
Nanoparticles were initially considered inert carriers for therapeutic payloads. This view has evolved substantially, as a growing body of experimental and clinical evidence indicates that engineered nanoparticles act as active immunomodulators, engagi…
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a major cause of cancer-related mortality despite advances in targeted therapy and immune checkpoint blockade. NLRP3-associated inflammation has attracted increasing interest in NSCLC, yet interpretation of th…
