BackgroundHumans face increasing vulnerability to foodborne and infectious diseases despite medical advances, while certain animal lineages cope with pathogen-laden diets and environments under the particular ecological pressures that selected their de…
Ischemic stroke initiates a well-established sterile inflammatory response in injured brain tissue. Experimental studies report post-stroke intestinal barrier and mucosal changes, viable bacterial dissemination to peripheral compartments in selected an…
Tumor innervation is increasingly recognized as an active component of the breast tumor microenvironment, where neural signals influence cancer cells, stromal populations, and immune responses through neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and neurotrophic …
BackgroundThe treatment of melanoma has been significantly improved by immune checkpoint blockade (ICB); however, primary immune resistance, particularly in PD-L1-negative tumors and in selected treatment contexts, remains a critical efficacy bottlenec…
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic relapsing intestinal inflammatory disorder. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death in patients with IBD, with elevated risks of myocardi…
The pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is multifactorial and remains incompletely understood. Although genetic susceptibility plays a major role, epidemiological evidence indicates an important contribution of non-genetic factors. Viral infections, …
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, immune dysregulation, and progressive multi-organ injury. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles(MSC-EVs) have emerged as cell-free mediators capable of transferring bioactive c…
The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TIME) remains a major barrier to cancer immunotherapy, creating an urgent need for agents that can simultaneously remodel the TIME and potentiate immune checkpoint blockade. In this review, we propose the c…
Asthma is a highly heterogeneous chronic airway disease characterized by diverse inflammatory endotypes, variable airway remodeling patterns, and differential therapeutic responses. Although current classifications mainly rely on immune phenotypes, the…
Adiponectin and other 15 members of the complement C1q/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related protein (CTRP) are proteins secreted primarily from adipose tissue; furthermore, recent studies have revealed their expression in various other tissues. Beyond t…
