Mammalian cell-derived extracellular vesicles remodel the immune-repair microenvironment in osteoarthritis: from pathological signal transmission to regenerative therapy
Osteoarthritis is a whole-joint disease involving articular cartilage, synovium, subchondral bone, fat pad, meniscus, blood vessels, and sensory nerves. Its core pathology is not simply passive wear of the cartilage matrix, but rather reciprocal drivin…