Adiponectin and other 15 members of the complement C1q/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related protein (CTRP) are proteins secreted primarily from adipose tissue; furthermore, recent studies have revealed their expression in various other tissues. Beyond t…
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis, is a chronic and infiltrative hepatic helminth infection characterized by tumor-like growth, progressive tissue destruction and long-term host-parasite coexistence…
Multi-pathogen and combination vaccines are vaccines that deliver antigens from two or more pathogens in a single shot to protect against multiple diseases. This can include several individual vaccines formulated together to be delivered as a single sh…
Joint involvement affects the majority of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and is consistently ranked among the manifestations with the largest impact on daily function, yet lupus synovium remains one of the least interrogated major target ti…
Sepsis is a heterogeneous syndrome, and pulmonary infection is its commonest source. Pulmonary sepsis carries a particularly high mortality, especially in patients who develop refractory septic shock, yet it is still managed as a single disease. Conven…
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a KSHV/HHV-8-driven vascular neoplasm with heterogeneous HIV-negative epidemiological settings. Immune-checkpoint blockade is biologically plausible, but direct clinical evidence remains limited to a small, non-comparative phase …
Sepsis is increasingly recognized as a heterogeneous syndrome in which profound immunosuppression, or immunoparalysis, may coexist with or follow the initial hyperinflammatory response. This state is characterized by impaired host responsiveness to pat…
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) frequently coexist, yet their biological relationship remains paradoxical. In this critical narrative review informed by a structured literature search, we synthesize epidemiological,…
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a leading cause of infectious mortality worldwide, a burden compounded by rising drug resistance. While mitochondria were long dismissed as mere powerhouses, they now function as hubs that int…
Toxoplasma gondii establishes persistent infection despite sustained cell-mediated immune pressure, requiring coordinated regulation of parasite development and host immune responses. Parasite developmental states are controlled by sequence-specific tr…
