Mucosa Immunology

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jul 29:100384. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100384. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Patients with allergic asthma exhibit distinct temporal variations in symptoms and disease severity, which oscillate across the 24 h day. We have previously shown that the molecular circadian clock plays a critical role in temporally gating the response to allergen challenge in mice. … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jul 26:100391. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100391. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) but provides inconsistent protection against disease. Alveolar macrophages (AM) are widely considered the primary myeloid mediators of BCG-induced lung immunity, whereas the contribution of lung interstitial macrophages (IM) remains poorly defined. Here, … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jul 25:100390. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100390. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT B cells play a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis at mucosal surfaces, including those of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Perturbed humoral immunity and antibody-mediated functions of B cells are well described in patients with chronic GI inflammatory diseases. However, our understanding of … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jul 23:100389. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100389. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sex-based differences in respiratory disease outcomes are well recognized. However, the underlying immunological mechanisms driving this dimorphism remain incompletely understood. While sex hormones influence immune cell development and function, the role of commensal microbes in shaping sex-specific lung immunity has not been explored. … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jul 22:100388. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100388. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Pulmonary fibrosis is a complex disease with poorly understood, multifactorial triggers. Gammaherpesviruses (γHVs), including Epstein-Barr virus in humans and Murid herpesvirus 4 (MuHV-4) in mice, have been linked to pulmonary fibrosis exacerbation, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study explores how γHV … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jul 18:100385. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100385. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Mucus obstructs the airways in respiratory diseases where MUC5B is the major gel-forming mucin in COPD and MUC5AC-rich mucus dominates in asthma. Mucin production changes in response to inflammatory signals, but whether mucin dysregulation drives inflammation is less studied. OBJECTIVE: We sought … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jul 17:100387. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100387. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive lung disease characterized by the rapid scarring of the lung parenchyma resulting in impaired gas exchange and early mortality. Current treatment options are limited; lung transplantation remains the only definitive treatment. The adaptive immune system has been … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jul 16:100386. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100386. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT After respiratory infection, the lung does not simply return to the prior baseline but adopts a new distinct post-infection steady state involving durable imprints that can shape tissue responses to subsequent challenges. This review introduces the concept of lung tissue memory, whereby prior … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jul 13:100383. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100383. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Early postnatal gut colonization, microbial metabolite production, and immune maturation proceed in parallel. Although disruption has been linked to later allergic disease, cellular immune patterns remain insufficiently defined. Very and extremely preterm infants frequently develop eosinophilia, providing a setting to relate eosinophil … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jul 10:100382. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100382. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Intestinal microbiota composition influences innate and adaptive immunity, both within and beyond the intestine. A prominent example of the latter is segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), whose gut colonization reprograms alveolar macrophages (AM) and systemically shapes T cell polarity. We hypothesized that these impacts … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jul 8:100381. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100381. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Licensure of influenza vaccines relies on serum hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers, a correlate of protection (CoP) that was developed more than 50 years ago and which is only poorly predictive of protection. This is especially true of immunity induced by intranasal live attenuated … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jul 8:100378. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100378. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Integrin α4β7 directs lymphocyte trafficking to the intestinal lamina propria (LP) and is a major therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although integrin (Itg) β7 has been extensively studied in T-cell recruitment, its role in protective mucosal humoral immunity during chronic ileitis … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jul 7:100380. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100380. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a cytokine that predominantly acts on myeloid cells. Although decades of research have revealed diverse functions of GM-CSF during inflammation across tissues, it exerts important homeostatic functions, most notably in the lung. Extensive studies have established the essential … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jul 7:100379. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100379. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene resulting in alterations in the immune functions of the airway epithelium, including reduced biosynthesis of the specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs). Aspergillus fumigatus is the most isolated filamentous fungus in patients with … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jul 5:100376. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100376. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT A central challenge faced by the immune system is not simply detecting microbes but determining how to respond to them. In the intestine, where commensals and pathogens coexist, this decision is neither binary nor dictated by a single receptor. Instead, it emerges from … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jul 4:100377. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100377. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system associated with alterations in gut commensals, including Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila). However, its role in MS remains unclear. Here, we report elevated serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and anti-LPS IgG levels in patients … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jul 2:100375. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100375. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Cataloging the gut microbiome and understanding its interactions and association with the host immune system remains relevant to identify potential treatments for complex chronic diseases, including cancer. Studying the gut microbiome is more accessible than ever, thanks to the dramatic cost reduction of … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jul 2:100372. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100372. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The intestine is a multifunctional tissue relying on multipotent stem cells to establish a repertoire of epithelial cell lineages. We have previously shown that the enteric parasitic nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri (Hpb) directly regulates the intestinal stem cell compartment, tuning the epithelium to … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jul 1:100374. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100374. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Seasonal epidemics and the persistent threat of a pandemic provide a strong impetus to understand mechanisms of protection against influenza infection. T cell intrinsic signaling through the TNFR superfamily member 4-1BB is critical for the accumulation of antigen-specific CD8+ effector and memory T … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jun 30:100373. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100373. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease affects approximately 7 million individuals worldwide. Its pathogenesis involves genetic susceptibility, alterations in the gut microbiota, and immune system imbalance, with both innate and adaptive components contributing through aberrant cytokine signaling. The … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jun 27:100371. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100371. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Postbiotics offer improved safety and stability over live probiotics for modulating intestinal immunity, yet the receptor-mediated mechanisms underlying mucosal tolerance remain unclear. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), a cytosolic sensor of bacterial cell wall components and a major genetic risk factor for inflammatory … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jun 25:100369. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100369. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT CD4+ T helper (Th) cell responses to commensal microbiota are linked to Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), yet how Th programs coexist and evolve in human tissues remains poorly defined. Here, we profiled CD4+ memory T cells in intestinal biopsies using immunological and histological … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jun 25:100370. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100370. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT GPR15 is a colon homing receptor, but its pattern of expression among gut intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes and its role on intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte and epithelial homeostasis, as well as systemic metabolism and hormones remain unknown. GPR15L is the only ligand for GPR15 described … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jun 25:100368. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100368. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Dysregulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is a hallmark of immune imbalance in ulcerative colitis (UC), in which their suppressive function relies heavily on post-translational modifications and the stabilization of the transcription factor Foxp3. However, the upstream regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jun 24:100366. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100366. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Pregnancy comes with complex immune adaptations to support the specific needs of each pregnancy stage. Infections during pregnancy pose an additional challenge in keeping the fine balance between protective and detrimental immune activation. Whether mucosal immunity adapts to different pregnancy stages is poorly … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jun 24:100367. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100367. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Hookworms migrate through the lung as part of their lifecycle, causing significant tissue damage that activates tissue-resident populations such as ILC2s. These drive type 2 immune responses critical for wound healing and the development of protective immunity. Monocyte-derived macrophages that seed the lung … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jun 22:100365. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100365. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Adaptive immune responses, including B and T cell responses, play important roles in establishing and maintaining the mutualistic relationship between the host and intestinal microbiota. Host-microbiota mutualism is disrupted in various immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, including Crohn’s disease (CD). Aberrant inflammatory memory CD4+ T … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jun 21:100364. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100364. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The development and progression of respiratory diseases are influenced by both the local pulmonary microenvironment and the intestinal ecosystem. Research on the gut-lung axis has shown that diverse small-molecule metabolites produced or modified by the gut microbiota can cross the intestinal barrier and … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jun 17:100363. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100363. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Barrier tissues are sites of constant environmental exposure and require tightly coordinated mechanisms to maintain immune homeostasis while preserving tissue integrity. Emerging evidence supports the concept of a neuro-epithelial unit, in which neurons and epithelial cells function as integrated regulatory modules. In this … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jun 11:100362. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100362. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Durable protection against viral infections relies on tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells at pathogen entry sites. The oral cavity is a critical mucosal barrier frequently exposed to viral pathogens; however, the phenotypic characteristics and spatial organization of virus-specific T cells in the … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jun 11:100361. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100361. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by chronic mucosal inflammation, recurrent epithelial injury, and impaired colonic mucosal wound healing. While WNT/β-catenin dysregulation has been reported in UC, the mechanisms of such abnormalities remain unclear. To investigate epithelial intrinsic alterations associated with UC, we performed … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jun 3:100356. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100356. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT While intestinal tuft cells are well known to promote type 2 immunity, their role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains unclear. Here, we show that tuft cells are reduced in the distal intestine of pediatric IBD patients and that tuft cell-deficient mice exhibited … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jun 1:100355. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100355. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are among the largest lymphocyte populations in the body and play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of epithelial barriers at mucosal sites, which are highly immunostimulatory. Therefore, understanding how these cells are generated, localized within the epithelium, and … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 May 31:100352. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100352. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Lung mucosal immunity must balance effective antimicrobial defense with tightly controlled inflammatory responses to maintain pulmonary homeostasis. Although sex differences in respiratory disease susceptibility are well documented, the developmental origins of these differences and their modulation by prenatal environmental exposures remain poorly defined. … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 May 30:100354. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100354. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Glucocorticoid-refractory asthma is a severe disease type linked to both T helper type 2 (T2) high and T2 low, neutrophil-high asthma endotypes, but the mechanisms governing glucocorticoid resistance are largely unknown. We show that glucocorticoid-resistant mouse allergic airway disease is linked to airway … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 May 30:100353. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100353. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Pregnancy is an immunological marvel allowing intimate approximation between genetically discordant tissues of maternal and fetal origin. Shared immunity across the maternal-fetal dyad including intact cells of maternal and fetal origin establishing microchimerism in both individuals after parturition and the importance of vertically … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 May 23:100351. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100351. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Although systemic allergen-specific IgE is an essential biomarker for allergic rhinitis (AR), its mechanistic contribution to symptom development remains unclear. Here, using mouse models, we investigated how systemic antigen-specific IgE influences AR symptoms and local type 2 inflammation. Mice were adoptively sensitized with … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 May 16:100349. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100349. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Colonic immune homeostasis is critically maintained by regulatory T (Treg) cells. Here, we identify SUMO-specific peptidase 1 (SENP1) as an important regulator of colonic Treg function and intestinal immune homeostasis. Treg-specific Senp1 deletion does not impair thymic Treg development, but selectively disrupts the … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 May 16:100350. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100350. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Human enteric α-defensin 5 (HD5) is an antimicrobial peptide and a key effector of intestinal mucosal innate immunity. Paradoxically, HD5 has also been shown to enhance Shigella infection by inducing filopodial-like extensions via activation of the P2Y11 receptor. However, the broader physiological significance … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 May 7:100348. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100348. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Commensal microbes can cause invasive infection but can also stimulate protective immune responses as exemplified by the gut pathobiont Candida albicans. This species primes systemic Th17 immunogenicity which protects against disseminated infection, and yet the fungal determinants driving protection remain uncertain. Here we … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 May 1:100347. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.100347. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Eosinophils have traditionally been viewed as terminally differentiated type 2 effector cells involved in anti-helminth immunity and allergic inflammation. Recent advances in single-cell transcriptomics have refined this view, revealing substantial developmental and functional heterogeneity across tissues and inflammatory settings. Eosinophil development in the … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Apr 27:S1933-0219(26)00048-6. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.04.007. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Influenza virus infection can result in outcomes ranging from moderate, self-limiting illness to severe, life-threatening disease. Although severe cases are frequently associated with CD8+ T cell lymphopenia, the underlying mechanisms driving this diminished T cell response remain poorly defined. Here, we investigated how … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Apr 7:S1933-0219(26)00030-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.03.006. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT HIV-1 transmission depends on the structure and immune cell composition of mucosal epithelia. Transmission mechanisms involve direct infection of CD4+ T-cells or macrophages, and indirect viral transfer to CD4+ T-cells from Langerhans cells (LCs) or dendritic cells (DCs). LCs-mediated HIV-1 transfer is inhibited … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Apr 19:S1933-0219(26)00047-4. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.04.006. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Mucosal immunology traditionally applies to mucosal surfaces encountering microorganisms and environmental antigens, while the biliary tree is mostly regarded as a duct connecting the liver to the intestines. On the one hand, the biliary epithelium is considered a mucosal surface; on the other, … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Apr 11:S1933-0219(26)00042-5. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.04.005. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT 1.6 billion people are currently infected with parasitic worms. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) play a central role in promoting the protective type 2 immunity against these parasites. Here we show that a subpopulation of intestinal ILC2 express the immune checkpoint molecule … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Apr 9:S1933-0219(26)00040-1. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.04.003. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are distinct lineages defined by lineage-specifying transcription factors that drive their differentiation and effector programs. Despite being stable lineages, ILC plasticity has been reported. Plasticity is characterized by downregulation of the transcription factor that specifies the current ILC lineage, … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Apr 9:S1933-0219(26)00041-3. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.04.004. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Epithelial barriers constitute the first line of immune defense, preventing pathogen adherence, growth and entry through physical and chemical mechanisms. Essential to chemical defense are reactive oxygen species, usually provided by the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. DUOX2, a related oxidase, functions as sensor of … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Apr 8:S1933-0219(26)00039-5. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.04.002. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The leukocyte NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) is an important regulator of inflammatory responses, independent of its antimicrobial activity. Inactivating mutations in NOX2 cause chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a severe immunodeficiency associated with recurrent infections and dysregulated neutrophilic inflammation. Recurrent oral ulcers, stomatitis, gingivitis, … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Apr 6:S1933-0219(26)00038-3. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.04.001. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The specific contributions of lung epithelial and immune cells to SARS-CoV-2-induced immunopathology and antiviral responses remain unclear. To address this, we generated mouse models with inducible expression of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) in specific lung cell types. Infection of mice expressing hACE2 … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Mar 30:S1933-0219(26)00036-X. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.03.012. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Aberrant inflammation and structural lung damage occurs early in life for people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Even in the era of CFTR modulators, anti-inflammatory therapy may still be needed to prevent establishment and lifelong consequences of bronchiectasis. In this study, we integrated transcriptome-wide … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Mar 28:S1933-0219(26)00037-1. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.03.013. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Eosinophils are key contributors to allergic pathology, however, increasingly eosinophils are described to have important roles in organ health and immunoregulation. The factors that define and regulate these diverse eosinophil functions remain poorly understood. Here we show the emergence of a lung-specific Siglec-Fhi … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Mar 26:S1933-0219(26)00035-8. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.03.011. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Biological sex differences in morbidity upon influenza A virus (IAV) infection are linked to stronger IFN-centered immune responses in females, yet the regulatory role of sex steroid receptors in immune cell subsets is incompletely understood. Lung-resident group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) express … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Mar 21:S1933-0219(26)00034-6. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.03.010. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Macrophages play important roles in lung homeostasis and disease by interacting with their surrounding tissue microenvironment. Accordingly, macrophage metabolism and local metabolites shape immune responses in the lung. Here, I review the metabolic regulation of lung macrophages and regulation of lung immunity by … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Mar 21:S1933-0219(26)00032-2. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.03.008. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection directly damages lung tissue and triggers dysregulated immune responses, yet the immunopathology underlying the severe pneumonia remains unknown. Here we analyzed cellular and molecular features in the peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients to define the systemic … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Mar 19:S1933-0219(26)00033-4. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.03.009. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Chronic airway inflammation is a central driver of asthma pathogenesis, in which macrophages play a pivotal role. While autophagy is known to regulate macrophage function, the specific molecular mechanisms linking autophagy to allergic airway inflammation remain unclear. Here, we identify macrophage sirtuin 6 … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Mar 14:S1933-0219(26)00031-0. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.03.007. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis can cause diverse lesions, such as necrotic pneumonia, which can contribute to tuberculosis progression and transmission between individuals. Despite advances in understanding the role of ATP-gated P2RX7 ion channels in the development of severe forms of the disease, the … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Mar 14:S1933-0219(26)00025-5. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.03.001. Online ahead of print. NO ABSTRACT PMID:41833470 | DOI:10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.03.001

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Mar 8:S1933-0219(26)00029-2. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.03.005. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The development of treatments for ulcerative colitis (UC) has seen significant advancements over recent years, focusing on new drugs, innovative approaches, and a deeper understanding of the disease mechanisms. Few however have been able to restore natural tolerance. The hookworm-derived recombinant Anti-Inflammatory Protein … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Mar 8:S1933-0219(26)00028-0. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.03.004. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is characterized by epithelial barrier dysfunction and type 2-dominant inflammation, yet the upstream regulatory mechanisms linking epithelial remodeling and immune activation remain poorly understood, and reliable biomarkers for eosinophilic CRSwNP (EOS CRSwNP) are limited. This study investigated … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Mar 5:S1933-0219(26)00026-7. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.03.002. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Post-COVID syndrome (PCS) is a complex condition that can emerge after recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infection, even in young, healthy individuals with mild acute illness. While the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, viral persistence and immune dysregulation are considered key contributors. This study investigates whether … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Mar 3:S1933-0219(26)00027-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.03.003. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of cutaneous infections, underscoring the need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Catestatin (CST), a neuroendocrine antimicrobial peptide produced by neurons and epithelial cells, has been implicated in skin defense against pathogens such as MRSA, though its … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Feb 27:S1933-0219(26)00024-3. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.02.007. Online ahead of print. NO ABSTRACT PMID:41765103 | DOI:10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.02.007

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Feb 21:S1933-0219(26)00023-1. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.02.006. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT EFFECTIVE control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection requires timely activation and accumulation of CD4+ T cells in the lungs, yet the factors delaying this response remain unclear. Here we show that alveolar macrophages (AMs) delay CD4+ T cell priming by retaining Mtb within … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Feb 21:S1933-0219(26)00021-8. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.02.004. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Basal cell dysfunction contributes to the pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory airway disorders and is linked to persistent epithelial barrier defects. Epithelial integrity dysfunction, basal cell hyperplasia and metaplasia have been described in allergic rhinitis (AR). However, it remains unclear how basal cell progenitor … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Feb 19:S1933-0219(26)00022-X. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.02.005. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Resident memory CD8 T cell (TRM) development progresses through distinct stages beginning with activation of naive T cells into effectors in lymphoid organs, trafficking of effectors to target tissue via blood, and final TRM differentiation at the tissue of residence under the influence … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Feb 9:S1933-0219(26)00012-7. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.01.012. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT RATIONALE: Bronchiolitis is the commonest cause of hospital admission in children under the age of 1 year, most cases being due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. The mechanisms causing infantile bronchiolitis are incompletely understood but include a deficient mucosal interferon response, neutrophilic … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Feb 6:S1933-0219(26)00016-4. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.02.003. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Laboratory mice raised under specific-pathogen-free (SPF) conditions experience restricted microbial and antigenic exposure, which favours an immature immune system and limits their translational value for respiratory research. While microbial enrichment in “dirty” mouse models restores immune maturation, its impact on integrated respiratory function … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Feb 5:S1933-0219(26)00007-3. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.01.007. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) contribute to mucosal homeostasis and initiate immune responses against gastrointestinal pathogens, including those that target the stomach. However, the role of commensal bacteria in promoting stomach immunity is unknown. Here, we report that YL27, a commensal bacterium … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Feb 4:S1933-0219(26)00013-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.01.013. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT EPICERTIN, a modified cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), facilitates mucosal healing in preclinical colitis models, but its anti-inflammatory mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigated EPICERTIN’s effects on macrophages. In a dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mouse model, oral administration of EPICERTIN reduced neutrophil infiltration … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Feb 3:S1933-0219(26)00014-0. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.02.001. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The spatial localization of CD4+ T cells within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected lung is critical for optimal immunity. Here, we investigate the role of two E-cadherin binding receptors, CD103 and KLRG1. We demonstrate that KLRG1 restricts CD4+ T cells to the lung vasculature … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Feb 3:S1933-0219(26)00015-2. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.02.002. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and defined by formation of granulomas, immune aggregates that can restrict or support bacterial replication. Macrophages are fundamental components of granulomas and TB pathogenesis, yet their population structure and functional diversity is incompletely understood. … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jan 30:S1933-0219(26)00011-5. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.01.011. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT A finely tuned immune regulation within the epididymis and testis is essential for male reproductive health. This balance is especially critical in the epididymis, where sperm mature and ascending infections frequently disrupt homeostasis, resulting in regionally different immune responses and potential long-term fertility … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jan 27:S1933-0219(26)00009-7. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.01.009. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The relationship between the intestinal microbiota and the mucosal immune system is a key determinant of health in that it plays a pivotal role in managing pathogens and avoiding chronic inflammatory diseases. Diet is a central mediator of this relationship, influencing microbiota composition … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jan 27:S1933-0219(26)00010-3. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.01.010. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Paneth cells are secretory intestinal epithelial cells most abundant in the ileum that contribute to gut homeostasis and innate immunity through secretion of antimicrobial peptides and intestinal stem cell factors. Dysfunction of Paneth cells has been implicated in various gastrointestinal disorders. Although regulation … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jan 23:S1933-0219(26)00008-5. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.01.008. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Secondary bacterial pneumonia causes substantial morbidity and mortality following influenza A virus (IAV) infection, yet no therapies exist that address the underlying immune dysfunction and epithelial damage that predispose to bacterial superinfection. Here, we demonstrate that short-course intranasal treatment with LAT9997, a synthetic … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jan 20:S1933-0219(26)00006-1. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.01.006. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Two studies in Nature Immunology by Jakob, Sterczyk et al. and Pirzgalska et al. show that neuron-derived vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) regulates intestinal epithelial differentiation and orchestrates immune responses. Through its receptor VIPR1, VIP restrains secretory lineage expansion, balances type 1 and type … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jan 17:S1933-0219(26)00004-8. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.01.004. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The mechanisms underlying innate lymphoid cell (ILC) development and function in the neonatal lung remain incompletely defined. ILCs are critical mediators of early-life innate immune responses in the lung. Dysregulation of ILC homeostasis has both immediate and long-lasting effects on lung health. We … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jan 16:S1933-0219(26)00005-X. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.01.005. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Lung-trafficking helminth larvae drive an early pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation prior to the establishment of the hallmark Type 2 immune response. While IL-11 is known to play crucial roles in chronic inflammatory responses, its role in the mucosal immunity to helminth parasites has not … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jan 9:S1933-0219(26)00003-6. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.01.003. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Silicosis is an inflammation-driven pulmonary fibrosis caused by occupational inhalation of silica particles. Macrophages are crucial in silicosis pathology, yet their interaction with stromal cells in orchestrating fibrosis progression remains poorly understood. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) of whole-lung lavages from silicosis patients identified … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jan 8:S1933-0219(26)00001-2. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.01.001. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT T cells play a central role in host protection against respiratory pathogens, but a maladaptive T cell response can lead to pulmonary diseases. Previous studies have examined T cells from the lungs captured via bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), endobronchial brushings, or biopsies. However, whether … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jan 7:S1933-0219(26)00002-4. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.01.002. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Type 2 cytokinerelease promotes wound healing and helminth clearance, but it remains unclearwhethergroup 2 innate lymphocytes (ILC2s) and T-helper2 cells (TH2) cells have functionally distinctroles during anamnestic immunity. This study demonstrates that ILC2 can prevent re-infection andlimit tissue injury caused by the helminthNippostrongylus … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2025 Dec 30:S1933-0219(25)00141-2. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.12.005. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The intestinal epithelium undergoes robust maturation postnatally, yet its early-life characteristics remain poorly understood. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we analyzed intestinal epithelial cells from neonatal (10-day-old) and juvenile (21-day-old) mice reared under both specific pathogen-free and germ-free conditions. Among the various cell types … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2025 Dec 30:S1933-0219(25)00142-4. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.12.006. Online ahead of print. NO ABSTRACT PMID:41478462 | DOI:10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.12.006

Mucosal Immunol. 2025 Dec 27:S1933-0219(25)00140-0. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.12.004. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Regulatory T (Treg) cells are well recognized for their role in immune regulation; however, their role in tissue regeneration is not fully understood. This study demonstrates such a role of Tregs in a published preclinical murine model of spontaneous pulmonary fibrosis (PF) expressing … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2025 Dec 22:S1933-0219(25)00139-4. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.12.003. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Reduced dietary fiber intake is associated with, and may have contributed to, the post-mid-20th century increase in immune-mediated chronic inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Reduced fiber intake has resulted, in part, from increased consumption of highly refined foods including those made … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2025 Dec 21:S1933-0219(25)00137-0. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.12.001. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The intestine and liver are physically interconnected through the biliary system, portal circulation, lymphatic network, and neural pathways, collectively forming the gut-liver axis. The gut-liver axis and the immune system are engaged in a complex regulatory relationship. Over the past few decades, significant … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2025 Dec 21:S1933-0219(25)00138-2. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.12.002. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Human astroviruses (HAstVs) are a global cause of pediatric gastroenteritis and can cause disseminated infection in immunocompromised hosts. Murine astrovirus (muAstV) causes acute asymptomatic infections in immunocompetent mice and chronic infection in immunodeficient models and has provided important insights into AstV pathogenesis in … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2025 Dec 11:S1933-0219(25)00131-X. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.11.014. Online ahead of print. NO ABSTRACT PMID:41381285 | DOI:10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.11.014

Mucosal Immunol. 2025 Nov 28:S1933-0219(25)00129-1. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.11.012. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Natural Killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes and key mediators of innate immunity, essential for combating viral infections and cancer. Notably, they exhibit immunological memory, generating a stronger response upon re-exposure to the same stimulus. While NK cell memory holds promise for infection … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2025 Nov 27:S1933-0219(25)00130-8. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.11.013. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the gastrointestinal tract. It is characterised by epithelial and immunological dysfunctions, including alterations in populations of Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs), including tissue-resident RORγt-expressing Group 3 ILCs (ILC3s). ILC3s contribute to the maintenance of … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2025 Nov 22:S1933-0219(25)00128-X. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.11.011. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Germinal centres (GCs) in mucosal tissues such as the nasal associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) generate high-affinity antibodies critical for protective, and in some cases, sterilising immunity. Therefore, initiation of GCs at the respiratory mucosa is of tremendous clinical significance in the development of … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2025 Nov 20:S1933-0219(25)00127-8. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.11.010. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT We have previously demonstrated that the circadian clock regulates the host response to influenza A virus (IAV) infection. While IL-10 is well-known for its immunoregulatory function, its role in IAV remains unclear, with studies reporting both protective and detrimental effects. Given the diurnal … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2025 Nov 20:S1933-0219(25)00126-6. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.11.009. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Seminal fluid elicits an immune response in the uterine mucosa after mating that impacts embryo implantation and pregnancy, but the underlying molecular and cellular events are unclear. In this study, we report RNA sequencing to analyse the uterine response to seminal fluid after … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2025 Nov 19:S1933-0219(25)00121-7. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.11.004. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Airborne fungi are potent inducers of respiratory disease and cause the debilitating conditions severe asthma with fungal sensitisation (SAFS) and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). However, the immune cell types and the inflammatory airway environment that defines SAFS and ABPA patients is not extensively … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2025 Nov 17:S1933-0219(25)00125-4. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.11.008. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The mucosal immune system plays a fundamental role in maintaining microbial balance. Microbial imbalance in the female genital tract increases the risk for adverse health outcomes in women and may increase susceptibility to local infections. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) remain understudied in the … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2025 Nov 15:S1933-0219(25)00124-2. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.11.007. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Macrophages are crucial for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, are considered key proinflammatory effector cells during intestinal inflammation and are implicated in tissue repair following injury or inflammation. Whether these roles are attributed to distinct subsets of macrophages or if macrophages retain a … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2025 Nov 13:S1933-0219(25)00123-0. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.11.006. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The major fungal allergen Alt a 1 from Alternaria alternata is linked to allergic asthma. We assessed its biological role in nutritional immunity to iron and its allergenic potential using in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches. Alternaria was cultured with or … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2025 Nov 14:S1933-0219(25)00119-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.11.002. Online ahead of print. NO ABSTRACT PMID:41241599 | DOI:10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.11.002

Mucosal Immunol. 2025 Nov 11:S1933-0219(25)00122-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.11.005. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Identification of pathways preventing timely recovery from acute respiratory viral infection is under-studied but essential for long-term health. Using unbiased proteomics, we reveal an unexpected, reduction in lung basement membrane proteins 21 days after influenza infection when mice had symptomatically recovered. Basement membrane … Read more

Mucosal Immunol. 2025 Nov 10:S1933-0219(25)00120-5. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.11.003. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Endometrial injury triggers inflammation responses, and persistent inflammation is a recognized cause of infertility. Emerging evidence underscores the critical role of the vagus nerve in modulating immunity. Although vagotomy is known to induce systemic inflammation, the specific mechanism by which the vagus nerve … Read more