Current Opinion in Immunology

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jul 31;102:102833. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102833. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Recurrent pericarditis complicates approximately one-third of initial pericarditis episodes in children. Once considered a postinfectious sequel, it is now understood as an autoinflammatory disorder sustained by dysregulated interleukin-1 signaling and inflammasome hyperactivation. This review evaluates therapeutic strategies for idiopathic recurrent pericarditis in … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jul 30;102:102814. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102814. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Spatial transcriptomic and proteomic atlases have enabled mapping of gene programs within intact tissues, but these measurements remain largely descriptive and do not define the mechanisms controlling tissue biology. Pooled CRISPR screening provides scalable causal interrogation of gene function but remains largely … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jul 29;102:102829. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102829. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Tumors are spatially heterogeneous ecosystems in which malignant, stromal, vascular, and immune cells interact within metabolically distinct niches. These localized microenvironments are shaped by factors such as nutrient availability, hypoxia, acidosis, and immunomodulatory metabolites, all of which strongly influence CD8⁺ T cell … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jul 28;102:102830. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102830. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Over the last two years, inflammatory dermatology has undergone a transition from morphology-based classification toward pathway-driven immune endotyping. Atopic dermatitis, psoriatic disease, and hidradenitis suppurativa have emerged as paradigmatic models of this transition, illustrating how epithelial dysfunction, involving autoinflammation and adaptive immunity, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jul 27;102:102831. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102831. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Cardiac sarcoidosis is a potentially fatal inflammatory disorder with the tendency to mostly affect the myocardial tissues. It is commonly associated with extra-cardiac structures such as the lungs and the thoracic lymph nodes; however, when it manifests as an isolated disease, it … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jul 24;102:102828. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102828. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) comprise approximately 8% of the human genome and were long regarded as inert remnants of ancestral retroviral infections. Increasing evidence indicates that HERVs are active genomic elements capable of influencing transcriptional programs, modulating immune responses, and contributing to … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jul 23;102:102820. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102820. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Once considered incurable, psoriasis is now being re-evaluated in light of sustained, drug-free remissions, prompting a redefinition of ‘cure’ as long-term/drug-free remission. Psoriatic disease is primarily driven by dysregulation of the interleukin-23 (IL-23)/IL-17 axis, and the survival of tissue-resident memory T cells … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jul 22;102:102819. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102819. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Microglia are the resident innate immune cells of the brain that play essential roles in immune surveillance, phagocytosis, and neuroinflammatory responses. A central regulator of these diverse functions is intracellular Ca2+ signaling, which connects extracellular cues to transcriptional and metabolic programs that … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jul 20;102:102818. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102818. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The development of clinical trials is limited by high costs and methodological complexities. In this context, artificial intelligence (AI) is emerging as a key instrument for their optimization. In the early phases of study design and recruiting, generative AI systems may help … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jul 15;102:102817. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102817. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Germline mutations in GATA2 cause a syndromic inborn error of immunity characterized by cytopenia, infections, immune dysregulation, and a marked predisposition to myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia. Initially defined by the DCML phenotype-dendritic cell, monocyte, B- and NK-cell deficiency-GATA2 deficiency is … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jul 10;102:102816. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102816. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Antibodies are fundamental to human health but can also drive pathology. Each antibody has a molecular specificity, encoded by their clonally heritable B cell receptor (BCR). Recent advances in spatial transcriptomics coupled with repertoire sequencing have enabled capturing antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) and … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jul 9;102:102815. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102815. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by sicca symptoms, fatigue, multiorgan involvement, and an increased risk of B-cell lymphoma. Accumulating evidence over the past decades indicates that epithelial cells are not passive targets but active drivers of disease. … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jul 7;101:102812. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102812. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Microbial transglutaminase (mTG) is a frequently used processed food additive, and the consumption of its cross-linked complexes is rapidly expanding. Despite numerous reports concerning its public safety, it is designated as a processing aid and classified as safe for use. mTG and/or … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jul 7;101:102811. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102811. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is not a uniform inflammatory pannus. It is a spatially organized, stage-dependent synovial immune ecosystem. Cellular cartography resolves synovitis into lymphoid, myeloid, stromal, and neuroimmune niches that track erosive disease, fibroproliferation, and pain-dominant states. Ecosystem state can differ between … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jul 6;101:102813. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102813. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Ion channels are classically regarded as regulators of electrical excitability, but their role in immune activation and barrier homeostasis extends far beyond global transmembrane ion flux. This functional diversity is, among other things, the result of noncanonical signaling pathways. In this review, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jun 29;101:102809. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102809. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The fate of T cells is determined through the expression of a unique T cell receptor (TCR). TCR epitope specificity drives spatial localization, phenotypic and metabolic plasticity, effector function, as well as the evolution of complex repertoires of T cell clones. However, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jun 27;101:102807. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102807. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT In this review, we detail the features of barrier germinal centers (GC) that form in tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) within non-immune organs that host a local microbiome, and posit a framework of immunity where TLS-GCs created at barrier sites are a key … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jun 27;101:102810. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102810. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Ocular sarcoidosis is a frequent manifestation of sarcoidosis and may occur most commonly affecting adults between 30 and 60 years old. Uveitis may be anterior, intermediate, posterior, or present as panuveitis, with marked heterogeneity in severity and clinical course. Diagnosis relies on … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jun 26;101:102808. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102808. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has renewed interest in mucosal vaccines, yet these approaches have long struggled to generate durable protection against airway pathogens. A key limitation is the incomplete understanding of how upper airway antigens are handled to shape immune response quality and … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jun 23;101:102806. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102806. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The intestine integrates nutrient digestion and absorption with immune surveillance, being continuously challenged by dietary antigens, commensal microbiota, and pathogens. Its highly regionalized structure requires the immune system to balance tolerance to food and commensal organisms with protective responses against pathogens, generating … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jun 22;101:102805. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102805. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Solid‑phase assays for the detection of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are central to the laboratory evaluation of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Growing insights into the molecular immunology underlying these assays challenge traditional interpretations. It is now evident that the antigenic drivers are phospholipids (PL)‑binding … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jun 16;101:102793. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102793. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The synovium is a critical site for the initiation and persistence of inflammatory joint diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), and gout. Conventional 2D cultures and animal models fail to recapitulate the multicellular organization, mechanical regulation, and inter-tissue communication that shape … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jun 15;101:102802. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102802. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Lymphatic vessels maintain fluid balance and immune protection by transporting fluid, solutes and cells from tissue interstitial spaces to lymph nodes. The lymphatic endothelial cells that form lymphatics differentiate throughout the body to fulfil organ-specific roles. In the lungs, specialised pulmonary lymphatic … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jun 13;101:102803. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102803. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) is a common vasospastic disorder characterized by transient digital ischemia triggered by cold exposure or emotional stress. It is classified as primary or secondary, the latter often associated with autoimmune connective tissue diseases such as systemic sclerosis, mixed connective … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jun 4;101:102804. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102804. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Hantaviruses are enveloped, negative-sense RNA viruses. Rodents serve as natural reservoirs, and spillover into humans causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. While transmission typically occurs by inhaling aerosolized rodent excreta, the Andes virus variant is capable of human-to-human … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jun 2;101:102790. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102790. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of diverse heterogeneous components and plays a crucial role in immune cell infiltration, immune evasion, and dynamic interactions between tumor cells and the immune system. A precise understanding of the TME is essential for tissue immunology … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 May 29;101:102791. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102791. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a thromboinflammatory disorder in which antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), particularly anti-β2GPI, initiate a complex, graded platelet activation that integrates immune signaling with coagulation. Clinical and multiparametric flow-cytometric evidence demonstrates a sustained prothrombotic platelet endotype characterized by enrichment of tissue … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 May 27;101:102792. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102792. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sarcoidosis is a heterogeneous granulomatous disease of unknown origin; a subset of patients develops an advanced pulmonary disease phenotype, marked by progressive pulmonary fibrosis, airway involvement, and sarcoidosis-associated pulmonary hypertension, leading to high morbidity and mortality. In this review, we summarize key … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 May 23;101:102789. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102789. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Traumatic knee injuries in skeletally immature patients occur in a unique biological context shaped by growth, high tissue turnover, and distinct immune-repair dynamics. Beyond structural damage, acute post-traumatic changes in synovial fluid and cartilage metabolism can set the trajectory toward persistent symptoms … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 May 21;101:102785. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102785. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Despite the success of targeted therapies in rheumatoid arthritis, the lack of predictive biomarkers of response leads to an empirical treatment approach, often delaying effective intervention due to non-response to the initially selected individualized medication regimens in approximately 40% of patients. Cellular … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 May 15;101:102788. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102788. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The spleen is a central immune organ that surveys blood-borne pathogens and coordinates systemic immune responses. Within this organ, conventional dendritic cell (cDC) subsets occupy blood-exposed niches that enable efficient antigen capture and rapid initiation of T cell activation. While splenic cDC1s … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 May 14;100:102786. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102786. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic immune-mediated liver disease characterized by progressive destruction of the intrahepatic bile ducts, leading to cholestasis, fibrosis, and eventual cirrhosis. Despite advances in understanding disease pathogenesis, treatment pathways are focused on maintenance rather than cure. Moreover, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 May 13;100:102787. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102787. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Efficacious immune responses require the coordinated encounter of rare antigen-specific adaptive lymphocytes with their cognate innate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in space and time. This spatiotemporal problem of immunity is solved by secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes (LNs), which coordinate adaptive … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 May 4;100:102784. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102784. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The lupus anticoagulant (LA) phenomenon represents a paradoxical prothrombotic state characterised by inhibition of phospholipid-dependent coagulation assays in vitro, despite a strong association with thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity in vivo. LA is a central laboratory criterion for the diagnosis and risk stratification … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 30;100:102782. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102782. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by fluctuating multisystem involvement, relapsing-remitting activity, and substantial risk of irreversible organ damage. Standardized disease activity indices have facilitated clinical trials and research, yet integration into clinical practice has not occurred for … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 29;100:102783. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102783. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) is curative for many patients with high-risk, hematologic malignancies. AlloHCT depends on a graft versus malignancy (GVM) phenomenon, whereby donor-derived immune cells recognize and eradicate malignant host cells. Successful GVM correlates with the risk of alloreactivity against … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 27;100:102781. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102781. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Viral encephalitis (VE) is a universal menace accounting for severe morbidity and mortality among the affected individuals. VE is the cerebral inflammation triggered by viral infections. In the central nervous system, microglia are the frontline responders that provide defense against invading pathogens, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 22;100:102780. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102780. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Ca²⁺ release-activated Ca²⁺ (CRAC) channels facilitate store-operated Ca²⁺ entry in both immune and nonimmune cells. They are crucial for the function of many immune cell types and strongly associated with the pathophysiology of immune-related disorders. Inherited null mutations in the genes encoding … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 20;100:102770. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102770. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by thrombosis, microvascular disease, pregnancy morbidity, or non-thrombotic manifestations in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. The mechanistic differentiation of these clinical phenotypes has diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Across APS phenotypes, a shared set of … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 16;100:102777. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102777. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Immunosenescence is a multidimensional remodeling of immunity, characterized by inflammaging, cellular senescence, T-cell exhaustion, and thymic involution, that raises infection and disease risk with age. Emerging evidence, notably from centenarians, shows immune aging follows divergent trajectories: rather than a uniform decline, extreme … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 16;100:102779. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102779. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Multiple sets of classification/diagnostic criteria have been revised recently in rheumatology, with issues from why to how they were developed coming to light. These issues range from the worse specificity of the new sets of criteria to methodological issues in their development, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 16;100:102778. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102778. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Observational studies serve as a critical alternative when randomized trials are precluded by ethical concerns, high costs, or the need for rapid evidence-based hypothesis generation. Increasing reliance on routinely collected observational data (electronic health records, registries, and claims) has been accompanied by … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 15;100:102775. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102775. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) presents ongoing challenges in understanding its pathogenesis, standardizing diagnostic tests, and optimizing treatment strategies. The 18th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies (ICAPA) was held in Kyoto in September 2025. This narrative meeting wrap-up summarizes selected highlights from the Congress … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 14;100:102774. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102774. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disorder with a pathogenesis that includes aberrant interactions between the innate and adaptive immune systems. Dominant pathogenetic axes include the type I interferon pathway and loss of tolerance in B cell/plasma cell development with … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 13;100:102773. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102773. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Autoimmune and primary immunodeficiency disorders represent a growing global health burden influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. This paper offers a geoepidemiological analysis of these conditions, highlighting regional differences in incidence, diagnosis, and outcomes. Immunodeficiencies such as … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 8;100:102776. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102776. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are widely promoted as transformative tools for medical practice, yet their impact in daily rheumatology remains limited. This review examines the gap between expectations and reality using historical parallels, conceptual considerations, and recent methodological evidence. Experiences … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 8;100:102772. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102772. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT This paper reviews the historical development, pathogenesis, and nomenclature of Sjögren’s syndrome and critiques the recently proposed term ‘Sjögren’s disease’. Early clinical observations gradually defined the disorder as a systemic condition characterized by sicca symptoms and frequent extraglandular involvement. Advances in immunology … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 7;100:102771. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102771. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Identified in the 1990s as the primary target of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) remains a central focus in hematology and immunology. Anti-β2GPI antibodies are important not only for diagnosing APS but also play a key role … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 2;100:102769. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102769. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Although immunometabolism has emerged as a central area of research in infectious diseases, only a few studies have focused on Plasmodium vivax infection. Here, we discuss the results obtained in our laboratory and elsewhere that show a metabolic-mitochondria shift in highly activated … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 30;100:102759. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102759. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Parkinson’s disease (PD) is increasingly recognised as a multifactorial and heterogeneous condition rather than a single uniform disorder, supported by advances in molecular biology, genetics and pathology. This review provides a perspective on the shifting concept of PD from an idiopathic, strictly … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 28;100:102761. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102761. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Parkinson’s disease (PD) is increasingly understood as a systemic disorder with early manifestations outside the central nervous system. Converging clinical, metabolic, and immunological observations highlight overlaps between PD and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), a prototypic autoimmune cholestatic liver disease. A shared hallmark … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 26;100:102768. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102768. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune thromboinflammatory disorder in which antiphospholipid antibodies cause vascular thrombosis and obstetric morbidity. Growing evidence indicates that neutrophils and monocytes are key effector cells bridging inflammation and coagulation in APS. Neutrophils display heightened activation, enhanced glycolysis, and … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 23;100:102760. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102760. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT This review comprehensively explores the emerging roles of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and therapeutic implications of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Clinically, RA is a challenging autoimmune disease due to unclear pathology and limitations of conventional therapies. Recent studies highlight that gut dysbiosis … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 16;100:102755. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102755. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Mpox is a smallpox-like disease caused by the monkeypox virus. In 2022, a global outbreak of mpox resulted in more than 113 000 cases. Just a year later, a different strain of mpox caused the largest ever outbreak in Africa, with over … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 16;100:102758. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102758. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The traditional randomized controlled trial (RCT), a most valuable tool of evidence-based medicine, is rapidly evolving into new forms. The main reason behind this evolution is the basic explanatory nature of RCT and the related need for real-world data to help with … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 16;100:102754. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102754. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Non-communicable diseases, including metabolic, inflammatory, and malignant disorders, now dominate global morbidity and mortality. These chronic, lifestyle-associated diseases expose the limits of strategies focused on suppressing late-stage inflammation. We argue that immune dyshomeostasis – rather than overt inflammation – represents the more … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 14;100:102757. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102757. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Kv1.3 is a voltage-gated potassium channel expressed on immune cells. It functions in coordination with calcium channels to maintain cellular homeostasis. Several studies support important roles for Kv1.3 in microglia-driven neuroinflammation and T cell-mediated autoimmunity. Based on recent evidence, Kv1.3 may regulate … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 13;100:102756. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102756. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT We are at the dawn of a new era in the biomedical prevention of childhood malaria. The successful development and ongoing rollout of the first malaria vaccines, RTS,S/AS01E and R21/Matrix-M, have injected much-needed optimism into the malaria prevention field. Additional new vaccines … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 12;100:102752. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102752. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT P2 purinergic receptors are activated by extracellular adenosine triphosphate and other nucleotides released during inflammatory processes, cellular stress responses, and amplification by NETosis, thereby serving as pivotal mediators of both innate and adaptive immunity. In patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 10;100:102749. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102749. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Graft versus host disease (GVHD) is one of the major complications of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT), contributing significantly to post-transplant morbidity and mortality. Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) is a widely used GVHD prophylaxis in combination with a calcineurin inhibitor and an antimetabolite. … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 10;100:102753. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102753. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The complexity and heterogeneity of autoimmune diseases are only partially captured by current analytic tools, even when deep learning techniques are employed to intercept patterns beyond existing dogma. Synthetic data offer a newer paradigm through machine-generated reconstructions of real-world data that faithfully … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 10;100:102748. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102748. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The term autoimmune disease refers to autoantibody-dependent pathophysiological conditions, in which characterising the autoantibodies is essential, as is studying their target(s), the (auto)antigen(s), which represent the other side of the coin. In this review, we aimed to go further inside the ultimate … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 3;100:102750. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102750. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The voltage-gated potassium channel KV1.3 (KCNA3) is a critical ion channel regulating membrane potential in immune cells, facilitating sustained calcium influx and activating downstream signaling events. Besides its canonical role as an ion channel, KV1.3 has been postulated to exert additional functions … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 3;100:102751. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102751. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Voltage-gated proton channels (Hv1) are key regulators of microglial activation, coupling proton extrusion to reactive oxygen species production, cellular pH homeostasis, and pro-inflammatory signaling. Dysregulated Hv1 activity exacerbates neuroinflammation and contributes to a range of central nervous system pathologies. Our recent work … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 3;100:102743. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102743. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Despite major advances in understanding Sjögren’s disease (SjD), no approved disease-modifying therapies have been approved. Management remains largely symptomatic with the use of off-label immunomodulators for systemic features. This gap highlights the substantial unmet need for targeted treatment. Encouragingly, the therapeutic landscape … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 3;100:102747. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102747. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) play major roles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Human and rat FLS express the KCa1.1 channel (BK, Maxi-K, Slo1, and KCNMA1) as their major potassium channel at the plasma membrane. Reducing the expression or function of this … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 2;100:102745. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102745. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is a hallmark of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) driven by chronic antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) exposure. Beyond acute thrombotic events, ED contributes to atherosclerosis, vascular remodelling, stenosis and multi-organ manifestations, positioning the endothelium as a putative target for disease monitoring and … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Feb 27;99:102744. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102744. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The reemergence of the mpox virus (MPXV) as a global health threat, with >100 000 cases reported across 115 countries since the WHO’s 2022 alert, has intensified research into its pathophysiology. MPXV exists in two main clades with distinct geographic and clinical … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Feb 27;99:102742. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102742. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a highly heterogeneous chronic systemic inflammatory disease. Approximately 30-40% of patients exhibit an inadequate response to currently available biologic agents and Janus kinase inhibitors. In recent years, rapid advances in multi-omics technologies, including genomics, temporal transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Feb 27;99:102746. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102746. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a multidomain inflammatory disease where no instrument captures the full spectrum of activity or its impact on patients’ lives. Accurate outcome measurement is essential for research and personalized care. This review summarizes advances in PsA … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Feb 18;99:102741. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102741. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Outcomes in Sjögren disease (SjD) have ranged from diverse symptom scales to the validated EULAR Sjögren’s Syndrome Patient Reported Index (ESSPRI) and EULAR Sjögren’s Syndrome Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI), which now provide a common framework for evaluating symptoms and systemic activity. In … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Feb 17;99:102738. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102738. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) function as molecular rheostats of host-microbe interactions and cell-intrinsic defense. Rather than being binary effectors, they act along a continuum. At basal levels, AMPs maintain harmony with the commensal members of the microbiome, and upon pathogen encounter, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Feb 16;99:102739. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102739. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sjögren’s disease (SjD) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease that mainly targets saliva- and tear-producing glands. T-cells are a substantial immune cell subset involved in SjD pathogenesis, including break of tolerance toward self, and constitute a major part of tissue-resident and infiltrating … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Feb 14;99:102736. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102736. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Multiple sclerosis (MS) is traditionally considered a chronic immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system. However, increasing evidence suggests substantial clinical, radiological, and immunopathological heterogeneity among individuals diagnosed with MS. In recent years, increasing awareness of this heterogeneity has led to a … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Feb 13;99:102734. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102734. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The cation channel and protein kinase transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 7 (TRPM7) has been linked to immune homeostasis, immune cell signaling and differentiation, and inflammatory diseases. Its importance in guiding ion-mediated cellular responses, funneling discrete kinase signal transduction … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Feb 13;99:102737. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102737. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Minor salivary gland biopsy occupies a distinctive position in the evaluation of Sjögren disease (SjD), offering diagnostic and prognostic insights that are rarely achievable in other systemic autoimmune conditions. It contributes essential diagnostic information, particularly for patients lacking anti-Ro/SSA antibodies or pediatric … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Feb 13;99:102740. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102740. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Regulated cell death, including apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, as well as cell death arising from disrupted cellular homeostasis, such as ferroptosis and dysregulated autophagy, is implicated in cancer, autoimmunity, and transplantation biology. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a major cause of morbidity and mortality … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Feb 11;99:102735. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102735. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The clinical heterogeneity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) reflects a series of dynamic immunological imbalances rather than a single dominant mechanism. In this review, we propose that RA progression is best understood as a sequence of three functional balances. The first contrasts pathogenic … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 27;99:102726. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102726. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Malaria during pregnancy continues to compromise maternal, fetal, and subsequently infant health. This burden has increased in Africa, though it has decreased elsewhere. Here, we provide a concise review of recent findings on malaria in pregnancy, addressing pathogenesis, immunity, offspring outcomes, and … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 23;99:102723. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102723. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The incidence, prevalence, and burden of sarcoidosis is increasing worldwide. The Nordic countries have the highest incidence with lowest rates reported in Asia. In the United States, Black females have the highest incidence and prevalence of disease. The phenotypic manifestations of sarcoidosis … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 22;99:102724. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102724. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT As of 2024, the World Health Organization declared the Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging flavivirus, as a high-priority pathogen with the potential to cause future Public Health Emergencies of International Concern. Although the last major outbreak of ZIKV occurred in 2015-2016, ongoing … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 22;99:102725. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102725. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT We report on 13 classic infantile Pompe patients, including four cross-reactive immunological material negative (31%), treated with alglucosidase alpha (rhGAA) at Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo, Monza, between 2003 and 2024. Median age at rhGAA initiation was 3.3 months, with nine patients (69%) … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 14;99:102720. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102720. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Patients with sarcoidosis can present with a wide range of symptoms that impact their quality of life (QoL). QoL represents one of the most important treatment priorities for patients. Therefore, measuring what matters to patients is of great importance, though it can … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 13;99:102721. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102721. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis (EORA), defined as onset at ≥60 years, is a clinically distinct and increasingly prevalent subset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This review synthesizes evidence that EORA is not merely late-onset RA but a pathogenically unique entity, driven by immune aging, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 13;99:102719. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102719. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Autoinflammatory diseases (AIDs) comprise a diverse group of conditions arising from dysregulated immune control due to congenital or acquired genetic abnormalities in innate immune pathways, and patients typically require lifelong treatment. Owing to their rarity, access to patient samples is limited, making … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 13;99:102722. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102722. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Primary Sjögren’s disease (SjD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder where diagnosis relies on the presence of Ro/SS-A and La/SS-B autoantibodies. However, approximately one-third of SjD patients are seronegative, often requiring an invasive minor salivary gland biopsy, which can lead to significant diagnostic … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 9;99:102718. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102718. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Cellular channels consisting of pannexins facilitate signaling between the intracellular and extracellular environment. In this respect, pannexin channel opening serves as a pivotal trigger for both inflammatory processes and cell death. While pannexin channels also contribute to normal physiological functions, their roles … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 9;99:102714. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102714. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sjögren’s disease (SjD) is a systemic, heterogeneous autoimmune disorder, clinically dominated by dryness symptoms resulting from inflammatory infiltration of exocrine glands. To date, no validated and resolutive therapeutic strategies are available. Stromal cells are increasingly recognized as critical players in SjD pathogenesis. … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 9;99:102715. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102715. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disorder characterized by noncaseating granulomas in various organs, predominantly affecting the lungs and lymphatic system. Although the etiology of sarcoidosis remains unknown, it is believed to result from an abnormal immune response triggered by environmental agents in … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 8;99:102717. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102717. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT We aim to present recent advancements in predictive markers for lymphomagenesis in SjD, concisely organize existing knowledge, and identify corresponding unmet needs and future perspectives. First, we briefly describe the mechanisms of lymphomagenesis in SjD. Followingly, the reasons justifying the importance of … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 8;99:102716. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102716. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sarcoidosis is a complex and heterogenous disease of which the diagnosis is based on clinical and radiological findings, histopathology showing non-caseating granulomas, and exclusion of other granulomatous diseases. Several tools are well established in the diagnostic pathway, such as pulmonary function tests, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 22;98:102712. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102712. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sjögren’s disease (SjD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which sustained B-cell activation drives glandular injury and systemic complications. Epithelial stress and interferon tone amplify B-cell activating factor (BAFF)-dependent survival, skewing selection toward autoreactive clones in both glands and blood. In addition, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 22;98:102713. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102713. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The intestinal microbiota transforms dietary components into bioactive metabolites that profoundly influence mucosal and systemic immunity. Short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids and tryptophan-derived indoles are among the most studied microbial metabolites shaping T, B and innate immune cell functions through a … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 19;98:102711. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102711. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The complement system is a central component of innate immunity, mediating opsonization, chemotaxis, cytolysis, and shaping adaptive responses. Deficiencies in complement proteins, whether inherited or acquired, predispose to severe infections, particularly with encapsulated bacteria such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Although … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 16;98:102709. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102709. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disorder characterized by noncaseating epithelioid granulomata, most commonly involving the lungs and thoracic lymph nodes. Although definitive diagnosis relies on tissue biopsy, characteristic findings detected on computed tomography (CT) often allow a confident diagnosis. Atypical imaging patterns, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 16;98:102705. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102705. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Despite multiple alloantigenic differences in every allotransfusion, only 3-6% of transfusion recipients develop a detectable alloantibody even with multiple transfusions. Moreover, patients typically become alloimmunized only to some of the alloantigens to which they are exposed. In recent decades, precursor frequency of … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 16;98:102710. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102710. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Indole is an abundant metabolite in the mammalian gut. Both mammals and microorganisms sense it. Indole is a signal used to communicate and gauge the gut environment. Indole is produced by bacteria that encode the tryptophanase enzyme. However, indole sensing is not … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 11;98:102708. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102708. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) has been recognized as an important communication network between the gut and the brain. This network operates through immune, neural, and endocrine pathways, wherein microbiota-derived metabolites act as essential messengers regulating MGBA. Among gut metabolites, indole and its … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 11;98:102707. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102707. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sjögren’s disease (SjD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by a striking tropism for epithelial tissues, particularly the salivary and lacrimal glands. Lack of function of the salivary glands (SGs) leads to a panoply of symptoms, dramatically reducing patient quality of life. … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 9;98:102706. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102706. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Tryptophan (TRP) metabolism has long been associated with cancer immunity, primarily through the kynurenine pathway mediated by indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2). Both enzymes can deplete TRP within cells and in local microenvironments, triggering dysfunction of T cells with anti-tumor functions. … Read more