Current Opinion in Immunology

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 30;100:102782. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102782. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by fluctuating multisystem involvement, relapsing-remitting activity, and substantial risk of irreversible organ damage. Standardized disease activity indices have facilitated clinical trials and research, yet integration into clinical practice has not occurred for … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 29;100:102783. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102783. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) is curative for many patients with high-risk, hematologic malignancies. AlloHCT depends on a graft versus malignancy (GVM) phenomenon, whereby donor-derived immune cells recognize and eradicate malignant host cells. Successful GVM correlates with the risk of alloreactivity against … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 27;100:102781. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102781. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Viral encephalitis (VE) is a universal menace accounting for severe morbidity and mortality among the affected individuals. VE is the cerebral inflammation triggered by viral infections. In the central nervous system, microglia are the frontline responders that provide defense against invading pathogens, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 22;100:102780. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102780. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Ca²⁺ release-activated Ca²⁺ (CRAC) channels facilitate store-operated Ca²⁺ entry in both immune and nonimmune cells. They are crucial for the function of many immune cell types and strongly associated with the pathophysiology of immune-related disorders. Inherited null mutations in the genes encoding … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 20;100:102770. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102770. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by thrombosis, microvascular disease, pregnancy morbidity, or non-thrombotic manifestations in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. The mechanistic differentiation of these clinical phenotypes has diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Across APS phenotypes, a shared set of … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 16;100:102777. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102777. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Immunosenescence is a multidimensional remodeling of immunity, characterized by inflammaging, cellular senescence, T-cell exhaustion, and thymic involution, that raises infection and disease risk with age. Emerging evidence, notably from centenarians, shows immune aging follows divergent trajectories: rather than a uniform decline, extreme … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 16;100:102779. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102779. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Multiple sets of classification/diagnostic criteria have been revised recently in rheumatology, with issues from why to how they were developed coming to light. These issues range from the worse specificity of the new sets of criteria to methodological issues in their development, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 16;100:102778. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102778. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Observational studies serve as a critical alternative when randomized trials are precluded by ethical concerns, high costs, or the need for rapid evidence-based hypothesis generation. Increasing reliance on routinely collected observational data (electronic health records, registries, and claims) has been accompanied by … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 15;100:102775. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102775. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) presents ongoing challenges in understanding its pathogenesis, standardizing diagnostic tests, and optimizing treatment strategies. The 18th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies (ICAPA) was held in Kyoto in September 2025. This narrative meeting wrap-up summarizes selected highlights from the Congress … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 14;100:102774. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102774. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disorder with a pathogenesis that includes aberrant interactions between the innate and adaptive immune systems. Dominant pathogenetic axes include the type I interferon pathway and loss of tolerance in B cell/plasma cell development with … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 13;100:102773. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102773. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Autoimmune and primary immunodeficiency disorders represent a growing global health burden influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. This paper offers a geoepidemiological analysis of these conditions, highlighting regional differences in incidence, diagnosis, and outcomes. Immunodeficiencies such as … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 8;100:102776. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102776. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are widely promoted as transformative tools for medical practice, yet their impact in daily rheumatology remains limited. This review examines the gap between expectations and reality using historical parallels, conceptual considerations, and recent methodological evidence. Experiences … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 8;100:102772. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102772. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT This paper reviews the historical development, pathogenesis, and nomenclature of Sjögren’s syndrome and critiques the recently proposed term ‘Sjögren’s disease’. Early clinical observations gradually defined the disorder as a systemic condition characterized by sicca symptoms and frequent extraglandular involvement. Advances in immunology … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 7;100:102771. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102771. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Identified in the 1990s as the primary target of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) remains a central focus in hematology and immunology. Anti-β2GPI antibodies are important not only for diagnosing APS but also play a key role … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Apr 2;100:102769. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102769. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Although immunometabolism has emerged as a central area of research in infectious diseases, only a few studies have focused on Plasmodium vivax infection. Here, we discuss the results obtained in our laboratory and elsewhere that show a metabolic-mitochondria shift in highly activated … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 30;100:102759. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102759. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Parkinson’s disease (PD) is increasingly recognised as a multifactorial and heterogeneous condition rather than a single uniform disorder, supported by advances in molecular biology, genetics and pathology. This review provides a perspective on the shifting concept of PD from an idiopathic, strictly … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 28;100:102761. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102761. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Parkinson’s disease (PD) is increasingly understood as a systemic disorder with early manifestations outside the central nervous system. Converging clinical, metabolic, and immunological observations highlight overlaps between PD and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), a prototypic autoimmune cholestatic liver disease. A shared hallmark … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 26;100:102768. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102768. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune thromboinflammatory disorder in which antiphospholipid antibodies cause vascular thrombosis and obstetric morbidity. Growing evidence indicates that neutrophils and monocytes are key effector cells bridging inflammation and coagulation in APS. Neutrophils display heightened activation, enhanced glycolysis, and … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 23;100:102760. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102760. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT This review comprehensively explores the emerging roles of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and therapeutic implications of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Clinically, RA is a challenging autoimmune disease due to unclear pathology and limitations of conventional therapies. Recent studies highlight that gut dysbiosis … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 16;100:102755. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102755. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Mpox is a smallpox-like disease caused by the monkeypox virus. In 2022, a global outbreak of mpox resulted in more than 113 000 cases. Just a year later, a different strain of mpox caused the largest ever outbreak in Africa, with over … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 16;100:102758. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102758. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The traditional randomized controlled trial (RCT), a most valuable tool of evidence-based medicine, is rapidly evolving into new forms. The main reason behind this evolution is the basic explanatory nature of RCT and the related need for real-world data to help with … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 16;100:102754. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102754. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Non-communicable diseases, including metabolic, inflammatory, and malignant disorders, now dominate global morbidity and mortality. These chronic, lifestyle-associated diseases expose the limits of strategies focused on suppressing late-stage inflammation. We argue that immune dyshomeostasis – rather than overt inflammation – represents the more … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 14;100:102757. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102757. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Kv1.3 is a voltage-gated potassium channel expressed on immune cells. It functions in coordination with calcium channels to maintain cellular homeostasis. Several studies support important roles for Kv1.3 in microglia-driven neuroinflammation and T cell-mediated autoimmunity. Based on recent evidence, Kv1.3 may regulate … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 13;100:102756. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102756. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT We are at the dawn of a new era in the biomedical prevention of childhood malaria. The successful development and ongoing rollout of the first malaria vaccines, RTS,S/AS01E and R21/Matrix-M, have injected much-needed optimism into the malaria prevention field. Additional new vaccines … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 12;100:102752. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102752. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT P2 purinergic receptors are activated by extracellular adenosine triphosphate and other nucleotides released during inflammatory processes, cellular stress responses, and amplification by NETosis, thereby serving as pivotal mediators of both innate and adaptive immunity. In patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 10;100:102749. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102749. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Graft versus host disease (GVHD) is one of the major complications of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT), contributing significantly to post-transplant morbidity and mortality. Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) is a widely used GVHD prophylaxis in combination with a calcineurin inhibitor and an antimetabolite. … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 10;100:102753. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102753. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The complexity and heterogeneity of autoimmune diseases are only partially captured by current analytic tools, even when deep learning techniques are employed to intercept patterns beyond existing dogma. Synthetic data offer a newer paradigm through machine-generated reconstructions of real-world data that faithfully … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 10;100:102748. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102748. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The term autoimmune disease refers to autoantibody-dependent pathophysiological conditions, in which characterising the autoantibodies is essential, as is studying their target(s), the (auto)antigen(s), which represent the other side of the coin. In this review, we aimed to go further inside the ultimate … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 3;100:102750. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102750. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The voltage-gated potassium channel KV1.3 (KCNA3) is a critical ion channel regulating membrane potential in immune cells, facilitating sustained calcium influx and activating downstream signaling events. Besides its canonical role as an ion channel, KV1.3 has been postulated to exert additional functions … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 3;100:102751. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102751. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Voltage-gated proton channels (Hv1) are key regulators of microglial activation, coupling proton extrusion to reactive oxygen species production, cellular pH homeostasis, and pro-inflammatory signaling. Dysregulated Hv1 activity exacerbates neuroinflammation and contributes to a range of central nervous system pathologies. Our recent work … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 3;100:102743. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102743. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Despite major advances in understanding Sjögren’s disease (SjD), no approved disease-modifying therapies have been approved. Management remains largely symptomatic with the use of off-label immunomodulators for systemic features. This gap highlights the substantial unmet need for targeted treatment. Encouragingly, the therapeutic landscape … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 3;100:102747. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102747. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) play major roles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Human and rat FLS express the KCa1.1 channel (BK, Maxi-K, Slo1, and KCNMA1) as their major potassium channel at the plasma membrane. Reducing the expression or function of this … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Mar 2;100:102745. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102745. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is a hallmark of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) driven by chronic antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) exposure. Beyond acute thrombotic events, ED contributes to atherosclerosis, vascular remodelling, stenosis and multi-organ manifestations, positioning the endothelium as a putative target for disease monitoring and … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Feb 27;99:102744. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102744. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The reemergence of the mpox virus (MPXV) as a global health threat, with >100 000 cases reported across 115 countries since the WHO’s 2022 alert, has intensified research into its pathophysiology. MPXV exists in two main clades with distinct geographic and clinical … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Feb 27;99:102742. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102742. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a highly heterogeneous chronic systemic inflammatory disease. Approximately 30-40% of patients exhibit an inadequate response to currently available biologic agents and Janus kinase inhibitors. In recent years, rapid advances in multi-omics technologies, including genomics, temporal transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Feb 27;99:102746. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102746. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a multidomain inflammatory disease where no instrument captures the full spectrum of activity or its impact on patients’ lives. Accurate outcome measurement is essential for research and personalized care. This review summarizes advances in PsA … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Feb 18;99:102741. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102741. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Outcomes in Sjögren disease (SjD) have ranged from diverse symptom scales to the validated EULAR Sjögren’s Syndrome Patient Reported Index (ESSPRI) and EULAR Sjögren’s Syndrome Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI), which now provide a common framework for evaluating symptoms and systemic activity. In … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Feb 17;99:102738. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102738. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) function as molecular rheostats of host-microbe interactions and cell-intrinsic defense. Rather than being binary effectors, they act along a continuum. At basal levels, AMPs maintain harmony with the commensal members of the microbiome, and upon pathogen encounter, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Feb 16;99:102739. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102739. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sjögren’s disease (SjD) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease that mainly targets saliva- and tear-producing glands. T-cells are a substantial immune cell subset involved in SjD pathogenesis, including break of tolerance toward self, and constitute a major part of tissue-resident and infiltrating … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Feb 14;99:102736. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102736. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Multiple sclerosis (MS) is traditionally considered a chronic immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system. However, increasing evidence suggests substantial clinical, radiological, and immunopathological heterogeneity among individuals diagnosed with MS. In recent years, increasing awareness of this heterogeneity has led to a … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Feb 13;99:102734. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102734. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The cation channel and protein kinase transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 7 (TRPM7) has been linked to immune homeostasis, immune cell signaling and differentiation, and inflammatory diseases. Its importance in guiding ion-mediated cellular responses, funneling discrete kinase signal transduction … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Feb 13;99:102737. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102737. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Minor salivary gland biopsy occupies a distinctive position in the evaluation of Sjögren disease (SjD), offering diagnostic and prognostic insights that are rarely achievable in other systemic autoimmune conditions. It contributes essential diagnostic information, particularly for patients lacking anti-Ro/SSA antibodies or pediatric … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Feb 13;99:102740. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102740. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Regulated cell death, including apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, as well as cell death arising from disrupted cellular homeostasis, such as ferroptosis and dysregulated autophagy, is implicated in cancer, autoimmunity, and transplantation biology. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a major cause of morbidity and mortality … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Feb 11;99:102735. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102735. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The clinical heterogeneity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) reflects a series of dynamic immunological imbalances rather than a single dominant mechanism. In this review, we propose that RA progression is best understood as a sequence of three functional balances. The first contrasts pathogenic … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 27;99:102726. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102726. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Malaria during pregnancy continues to compromise maternal, fetal, and subsequently infant health. This burden has increased in Africa, though it has decreased elsewhere. Here, we provide a concise review of recent findings on malaria in pregnancy, addressing pathogenesis, immunity, offspring outcomes, and … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 23;99:102723. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102723. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The incidence, prevalence, and burden of sarcoidosis is increasing worldwide. The Nordic countries have the highest incidence with lowest rates reported in Asia. In the United States, Black females have the highest incidence and prevalence of disease. The phenotypic manifestations of sarcoidosis … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 22;99:102724. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102724. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT As of 2024, the World Health Organization declared the Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging flavivirus, as a high-priority pathogen with the potential to cause future Public Health Emergencies of International Concern. Although the last major outbreak of ZIKV occurred in 2015-2016, ongoing … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 22;99:102725. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2026.102725. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT We report on 13 classic infantile Pompe patients, including four cross-reactive immunological material negative (31%), treated with alglucosidase alpha (rhGAA) at Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo, Monza, between 2003 and 2024. Median age at rhGAA initiation was 3.3 months, with nine patients (69%) … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 14;99:102720. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102720. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Patients with sarcoidosis can present with a wide range of symptoms that impact their quality of life (QoL). QoL represents one of the most important treatment priorities for patients. Therefore, measuring what matters to patients is of great importance, though it can … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 13;99:102721. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102721. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis (EORA), defined as onset at ≥60 years, is a clinically distinct and increasingly prevalent subset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This review synthesizes evidence that EORA is not merely late-onset RA but a pathogenically unique entity, driven by immune aging, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 13;99:102719. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102719. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Autoinflammatory diseases (AIDs) comprise a diverse group of conditions arising from dysregulated immune control due to congenital or acquired genetic abnormalities in innate immune pathways, and patients typically require lifelong treatment. Owing to their rarity, access to patient samples is limited, making … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 13;99:102722. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102722. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Primary Sjögren’s disease (SjD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder where diagnosis relies on the presence of Ro/SS-A and La/SS-B autoantibodies. However, approximately one-third of SjD patients are seronegative, often requiring an invasive minor salivary gland biopsy, which can lead to significant diagnostic … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 9;99:102718. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102718. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Cellular channels consisting of pannexins facilitate signaling between the intracellular and extracellular environment. In this respect, pannexin channel opening serves as a pivotal trigger for both inflammatory processes and cell death. While pannexin channels also contribute to normal physiological functions, their roles … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 9;99:102714. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102714. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sjögren’s disease (SjD) is a systemic, heterogeneous autoimmune disorder, clinically dominated by dryness symptoms resulting from inflammatory infiltration of exocrine glands. To date, no validated and resolutive therapeutic strategies are available. Stromal cells are increasingly recognized as critical players in SjD pathogenesis. … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 9;99:102715. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102715. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disorder characterized by noncaseating granulomas in various organs, predominantly affecting the lungs and lymphatic system. Although the etiology of sarcoidosis remains unknown, it is believed to result from an abnormal immune response triggered by environmental agents in … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 8;99:102717. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102717. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT We aim to present recent advancements in predictive markers for lymphomagenesis in SjD, concisely organize existing knowledge, and identify corresponding unmet needs and future perspectives. First, we briefly describe the mechanisms of lymphomagenesis in SjD. Followingly, the reasons justifying the importance of … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2026 Jan 8;99:102716. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102716. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sarcoidosis is a complex and heterogenous disease of which the diagnosis is based on clinical and radiological findings, histopathology showing non-caseating granulomas, and exclusion of other granulomatous diseases. Several tools are well established in the diagnostic pathway, such as pulmonary function tests, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 22;98:102712. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102712. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sjögren’s disease (SjD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which sustained B-cell activation drives glandular injury and systemic complications. Epithelial stress and interferon tone amplify B-cell activating factor (BAFF)-dependent survival, skewing selection toward autoreactive clones in both glands and blood. In addition, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 22;98:102713. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102713. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The intestinal microbiota transforms dietary components into bioactive metabolites that profoundly influence mucosal and systemic immunity. Short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids and tryptophan-derived indoles are among the most studied microbial metabolites shaping T, B and innate immune cell functions through a … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 19;98:102711. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102711. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The complement system is a central component of innate immunity, mediating opsonization, chemotaxis, cytolysis, and shaping adaptive responses. Deficiencies in complement proteins, whether inherited or acquired, predispose to severe infections, particularly with encapsulated bacteria such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Although … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 16;98:102709. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102709. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disorder characterized by noncaseating epithelioid granulomata, most commonly involving the lungs and thoracic lymph nodes. Although definitive diagnosis relies on tissue biopsy, characteristic findings detected on computed tomography (CT) often allow a confident diagnosis. Atypical imaging patterns, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 16;98:102705. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102705. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Despite multiple alloantigenic differences in every allotransfusion, only 3-6% of transfusion recipients develop a detectable alloantibody even with multiple transfusions. Moreover, patients typically become alloimmunized only to some of the alloantigens to which they are exposed. In recent decades, precursor frequency of … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 16;98:102710. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102710. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Indole is an abundant metabolite in the mammalian gut. Both mammals and microorganisms sense it. Indole is a signal used to communicate and gauge the gut environment. Indole is produced by bacteria that encode the tryptophanase enzyme. However, indole sensing is not … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 11;98:102708. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102708. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) has been recognized as an important communication network between the gut and the brain. This network operates through immune, neural, and endocrine pathways, wherein microbiota-derived metabolites act as essential messengers regulating MGBA. Among gut metabolites, indole and its … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 11;98:102707. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102707. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sjögren’s disease (SjD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by a striking tropism for epithelial tissues, particularly the salivary and lacrimal glands. Lack of function of the salivary glands (SGs) leads to a panoply of symptoms, dramatically reducing patient quality of life. … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 9;98:102706. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102706. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Tryptophan (TRP) metabolism has long been associated with cancer immunity, primarily through the kynurenine pathway mediated by indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2). Both enzymes can deplete TRP within cells and in local microenvironments, triggering dysfunction of T cells with anti-tumor functions. … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 8;98:102704. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102704. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Clinically overt granulomatous involvement of the nervous system, or neurosarcoidosis, occurs in up to 5% of patients with sarcoidosis. Diagnosing neurosarcoidosis is often challenging due to its highly heterogeneous and frequently nonspecific clinical presentations, as well as the difficulty in obtaining tissue … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 4;98:102703. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102703. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sjögren’s disease (SjD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder marked by chronic immune activation, with a central role attributed to the interferon (IFN) system. The so-called ‘IFN signature’ at both tissue and peripheral levels has long been recognized as a hallmark of SjD, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 2;98:102702. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102702. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) cells are a recently defined subtype of nonrecirculating memory T cells with longevity and protective functions in peripheral tissues. The discovery of T cells resident in diverse tissues has altered our understanding of adaptive immunity with … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Nov 20;98:102691. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102691. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Primary central nervous system vasculitis, also known as primary angiitis of CNS (PACNS), is a rare and heterogeneous inflammatory disorder of blood vessels restricted to the central nervous system. The most common presenting symptoms are headache, focal neurological deficits, and altered cognition. … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Nov 11;98:102692. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102692. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Recent advancements in microbiome research have revealed the restorative capacities of postbiotics, including indole and its derivatives generated via bacterial tryptophan metabolism. Widespread in prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities, indole and its derivatives are uniquely suited to promote host physiology and homeostasis at … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Nov 10;98:102690. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102690. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sjögren’s disease (SjD) is the second most common systemic autoimmune disease in the United States. SjD patients are predominantly women 30-50 years of age and exhibit heterogeneous clinical manifestations, including symptoms of extensive dryness, chronic fatigue, and joint pain, and various major … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Nov 10;98:102684. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102684. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Autoimmune diseases have, until recently, been treated with relatively broad immunosuppressive regimens. Newer, more focused monoclonal antibody therapies directed to specific targets, for example, anti-TNF or anti-B cell therapies, can produce significant immunosuppression. ‘Remission’ of autoimmune disease that requires ongoing immunosuppression is … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Nov 6;98:102689. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102689. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) are leading causes of transfusion-related morbidity and mortality. Despite distinct diagnostic criteria, both syndromes present similarly with respiratory distress and pulmonary edema. In recent research, they increasingly appear to share pathophysiological and … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Nov 5;98:102688. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102688. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease marked by abnormal keratinocyte growth, immune dysfunction, and a weakened skin barrier. Affecting 2-3% of the global population, it lowers quality of life and is linked to systemic conditions. Though treatments have improved, many patients … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 31;98:102683. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102683. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, auxin) is universal in microbes and plants, and contributes to human wellness, acting as an anticancer and anti-inflammatory agent. This review highlights the ubiquity of IAA production by microbes and plants, as well as its role … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 30;98:102685. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102685. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a rare subset of T cells that are potent regulators of the immune system. As a result, the use of Tregs to prevent undesired immune activation and to re-establish immune balance is an attractive cellular therapy approach. … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 29;98:102686. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102686. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Complement inhibition has revolutionized the management of hemolytic diseases by targeting the underlying drivers of red blood cell destruction in disorders such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, and cold agglutinin disease. Recent advances have expanded the therapeutic landscape beyond … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 29;98:102687. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102687. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Excessive complement activation represents a major pathogenic mechanism for a range of serious human diseases. Complement-inhibitory therapeutics have been approved for a number of rare and ultra-rare conditions, with several others in clinical development. The vast majority of these complement-targeted drugs act … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 27;97:102681. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102681. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Infectious agents are potential triggers for autoimmune diseases (ADs) in susceptible individuals, with infection being a key factor in initiating autoimmunity. Epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests molecular mimicry as a plausible mechanism for breaking peripheral tolerance, leading to clinical disease. However, molecular … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 23;97:102682. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102682. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Malaria is a life-threatening disease affecting more than 200 million people worldwide. CD4 T helper 1 (Th1) and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are critical for stimulating phagocyte activation and humoral immunity, yet sterilizing, protective immune memory responses rarely develop. Malaria induces … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 17;97:102680. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102680. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT While T cells play a prominent role, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are also significant players in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. This review details the mechanobiology of PMN in the amplification of skin inflammation, a process often under-scrutinized compared to T cell pathways. PMN … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 14;97:102678. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102678. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Neurotropic viruses represent a public health challenge due to their ability to cause severe neurological conditions, including meningitis, encephalitis, and paralysis. Although many studies have investigated the immune responses to viral infections in the brain and other nervous system targets, most have … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 13;97:102679. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102679. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sarcoidosis is a heterogeneous condition, with some presentations associated with spontaneous remission and favourable outcome without treatment. Other presentations, including small fibre neuropathy, arthropathy and sarcoid-associated fatigue, can cause disabling symptoms that may not respond to disease-modifying therapies and must be managed … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 10;97:102676. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102676. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation represents a curative treatment of choice for numerous severe hematological malignancies. While donor-derived transplanted T cells can limit disease relapse (GvT/GvL effect), they also induce, in 30-50% of the patients, acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD), a severe condition … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 10;97:102675. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102675. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) can cure patients with high-risk hematologic malignancies. Donor T and natural killer (NK) cells contribute to graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects that provide relapse protection. Post-HCT relapses often represent inadequate GVL, but alloreactive lymphocytes that confer GVL may also … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 9;97:102674. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102674. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated skin disease whose inflammation can affect other systems and lead to various comorbidities. As a model inflammatory skin disease, while advances in mechanistic insights and targeted therapies have improved outcomes, unmet clinical needs persist. Modern technologies like … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 9;97:102677. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102677. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT A central challenge in defending mucosal barriers is protecting against pathogens while also limiting excessive inflammation. Respiratory viruses are a prime example – respiratory viruses present a threat to their target cells, the epithelial cells that line the airways, but excessive leukocyte … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 4;97:102673. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102673. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Cutaneous involvement of sarcoidosis can provide important insights into the presence and prognosis of systemic involvement. Recent insights into the underlying pathophysiology of sarcoidosis have allowed for more targeted therapy, including inhibition of the JAK-STAT and mTOR pathways. In this review article, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Sep 30;97:102661. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102661. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that arises from a complex interplay between a dysregulated immune response in genetically predisposed individuals. IBD can further be classified into its two main subtypes, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Sep 22;97:102659. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102659. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, we described a peak of a Kawasaki-like disease in children, later renamed multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). We report the long-term outcomes of MIS-C patients who presented to our center. METHODS: We recorded clinical features and … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Sep 19;97:102663. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102663. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sarcoidosis is a complex, polygenic, and multifactorial disease characterized by granulomas in affected organs, which are the hallmark of the condition. Genetic susceptibility, environmental influences, and lifestyle factors play key roles in its development. Although the exact molecular mechanisms are not yet … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Sep 19;97:102662. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102662. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Since its first application in HLA-haploidentical settings, post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) has become a standard for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis, with its use expanding to matched and mismatched hematopoietic cell transplantation. Its major clinical advantages include versatility and cost-effectiveness, providing robust GVHD prevention … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Sep 17;97:102660. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102660. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The dogma of an impenetrable blood-brain barrier (BBB) has given way to the view that resident immune cells within the central nervous system respond to a variety of blood-borne soluble factors, particularly cytokines, and play an important functional role. In particular, microglia … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Sep 15;97:102658. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102658. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a multifaceted autoimmune condition that affects the peripheral and axial joints, entheses, skin, and nails. The management of PsA relies on prompt diagnosis and early initiation of effective treatment to minimize joint destruction. Treatment options for PsA are … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Sep 12;97:102657. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102657. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Tuft cells are epithelial sentinels that monitor the luminal environment at barrier sites throughout the body. Their function as crucial initiators of type 2 immunity against helminths and protists in the intestine emerged nearly a decade ago. Since then, key tuft cell … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Sep 11;97:102656. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102656. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination are associated with a broad range of skin manifestations, including chilblains, urticaria, morbilliform and papulovesicular rashes, purpuric-necrotic lesions, and autoimmune flares. These patterns reflect differences in the timing and nature of type I interferon (IFN-I) responses. Rapid TLR7-mediated … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Sep 9;97:102654. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102654. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Glucocorticoid-refractory chronic graft-versus-host disease (glucocorticoid-refractory cGVHD) remains a major barrier to long-term survival and quality of life following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), affecting 30-70% to half of patients with chronic GVHD who fail corticosteroid therapy. In recent years, the Food … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Sep 5;97:102655. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102655. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The complement system plays a paradoxical role in systemic lupus erythematosus physiopathology, acting both as a protective mechanism and as a driver of tissue injury, depending on disease stage. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) further exacerbate disease activity by promoting complement activation and … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Sep 3;97:102653. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102653. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT C1 Inhibitor (C1INH) is a crucial regulator of multiple plasmatic pathways, including complement, coagulation, kallikrein-kinin systems, and fibrinolysis. C1INH deficiency results in the downstream overproduction of the vasoactive peptide bradykinin (BK), the primary mediator of angioedema (AE), a rare disease characterized by … Read more