Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 23 June 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01325-yTwentieth-century immunology was shaped by questions of recognition, diversity, response and tolerance. The next era may be defined by a different…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 22 June 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01329-8A preprint by Hu et al. shows, in a mouse model of primary tauopathy, that conventional type 1 dendritic cells outside of the central nervous syst…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 19 June 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01316-zThis article leverages existing preclinical and clinical evidence to propose an immunological framework that reconciles four axes controlling the …
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 15 June 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01324-zA preprint by Teodoro-Castro et al. reports a nuclear role for STING in impairing DNA replication and contributing to replication stress in ageing…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 12 June 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01326-xFunctional profiling of autoantibodies from individuals with long COVID demonstrates a casual link with neurological symptoms, reframing long COVI…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 09 June 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01323-0A study in Science uses intravital microscopy to analyse the septic process in real time in mouse lung, showing that immunothrombus formation is a…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 08 June 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01321-2A preprint by Alberts et al. shows that extrafollicular plasma cells suppress dendritic cell activation and trafficking in tumour-draining lymph n…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 04 June 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01320-3Immunological memory has long been framed through a temporal lens, defined by the persistence and rapid recall responses of antigen-experienced ly…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 03 June 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01313-2A growing appreciation of the diversity of glial cells, including astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes, is providing new insights into their…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 02 June 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01312-3In this Review, Krishna and colleagues draw on clinical and scientific progress in the past two decades to describe the many factors that influenc…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 01 June 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01319-wA preprint by Farzad et al. reports a cellular senescence atlas of human lymph nodes from donors aged 18 to 86, showing that B cells are the main …
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 29 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01315-0Advances in genetic engineering, immunological tools, single-cell transcriptomics and in vivo imaging have strengthened the usefulness of pigs in i…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 29 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01317-yEosinophils remodel the maternal intestine during pregnancy and lactation, promoting goblet cell differentiation and strengthening barrier immunity.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 19 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01314-1A preprint (now published in Cell) by Scharping et al. shows that proteostasis is required to preserve the progenitor potential of CD8+ T cells and…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 18 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01307-0García-Torralba et al. critically discuss key immunobiological features of human breast cancer, focusing on disease heterogeneity and its implicati…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 12 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01310-5CD8+ T cells infiltrating the kidneys contribute to lupus nephritis by retaining cytotoxic functions despite appearing to be terminally differentia…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 11 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01311-4Macrophages continuously ‘nibble’ healthy neighbouring cells, capturing minute amounts of cytosolic material that are preserved in specialized vesi…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 08 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01305-2T cells integrate signals from self-ligands not only during thymic development but also as they circulate through secondary lymphoid organs. These …
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 06 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01309-yHu et al. report that activated T cells can enhance antigen processing and presentation in tumour cells and dendritic cells through DNA transfer by…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 06 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01304-3This Review compares the structure–function relationships of the apoptosome, inflammasomes and PIDDosome, which are the three main platforms activa…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 05 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01308-zA preprint by Chen et al. identifies Dusp5 and Zfp219 as regulators of age-associated T cell dysfunction in the tumour microenvironment.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 05 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01303-4This Review from Shokrollah Elahi considers how erythroid cells — including erythroid progenitors and precursors and mature red blood cells — can m…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 01 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01306-1No matter how small the possibility, or how inconvenient the topic, scientists must maintain the humility to acknowledge that we could be wrong. Ou…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 23 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01291-5What is unique about the immune system of people who live to extreme old age? Here the authors describe that centenarians may achieve such longev…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 22 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01294-2This Review discusses the diverse lymphocyte responses that occur against Leishmania parasites. In particular, the authors highlight how these im…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 20 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01296-0Monocytes and macrophages adopt modular programmes in response to cancer cells, which can be viewed as an ‘infectious self’ challenge, and cues f…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 15 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01292-4This Review discusses how select metabolites and nutrients act as signalling molecules to regulate the functions of tissue-resident macrophages i…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 08 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01290-6This Review discusses how cytokine multimerization affects the engagement of cytokines with their receptors and their biological activity. The au…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 08 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01288-0This Review provides an integrated overview of Kupffer cell biology, from their embryonic origin and spatial organization to their functional spe…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 07 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01302-5In a study in Immunity, Allen et al. show that senescent lung fibroblasts in aged mice promote inflammaging by supporting a pro-inflammatory, age…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 07 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01301-6Loss of mitochondrial integrity can promote T cell exhaustion through proteasome-mediated release of regulatory haem.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 07 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01299-xA preprint by Fatima et al. reports that Nr4a1-knockout CD8+ T cells have increased cytotoxicity in a mouse model of active tuberculosis, resulti…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 02 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01298-yNeutralizing antibodies are widely viewed as the frontline of antiviral defence. Yet emerging evidence reveals that T cells can terminate infecti…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 30 March 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01297-zA previously unappreciated sympathetic–immune axis links psychological stress to eosinophil recruitment and consequent worsening of atopic dermat…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 30 March 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01300-7A preprint by Parigi et al. reports that the homeostatic functions of skin-resident immune cells are shaped by distinct stem cell niches in hair …
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 30 March 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01295-1A preprint by Ma et al. reports that the Fc receptor CD16a is a mechanosensitive receptor that helps natural killer cells to discriminate between…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 25 March 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01283-5Peripheral T cell lymphomas are aggressive cancers that frequently co-opt the signalling circuits that normally coordinate T cell activation at t…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 18 March 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01284-4Past failures of T cell-based vaccines for chronic viral infection may reflect suboptimal induction of quality T cell responses. Here, the author…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 16 March 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01293-3Author Correction: Ubiquitination and autophagy in host–pathogen interactions: from immune surveillance to therapeutic targeting
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 10 March 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01289-zEarly life exposure to allergens triggers a unique mode of dendritic cell activation in the skin, inducing local inflammation and priming systemi…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 06 March 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01280-8Cytokine-armoured CAR T cells represent a new generation of programmable cell therapies designed to enhance efficacy while limiting toxicity. Thi…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 05 March 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01287-1Androgens support IL-10-expressing monocytes that alleviate inflammatory pain.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 05 March 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01285-3A preprint by Garcia et al. describes a role for immune checkpoint signalling in balancing wound repair and fibrotic remodelling in mouse models …
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 27 February 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01286-2Zhu et al. report in Immunity that ketogenesis resulting from intermittent fasting causes the downregulation of CXCR4 expression on plasma cel…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 20 February 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01282-6Immunopaedia is a free educational platform that teaches immunological concepts through clinical case studies.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 16 February 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01273-7Many clinically relevant pathogens enter the body through mucosal surfaces, yet conventional parenteral immunization is insufficient to elicit…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 13 February 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01269-3Ageing of the immune system is now realized to drive systemic ageing, and there is interest in targeting immune ageing in order to promote hea…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 12 February 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01279-1Intracellular bacteria in cancer cells promote the recruitment of neutrophils and their polarization towards an immunosuppressive phenotype vi…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 12 February 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01268-4Fibrosis disrupts organ function through excessive extracellular matrix deposition, particularly in pulmonary cases. Insights from single-cell…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 11 February 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01281-7Intestinal macrophages that support the enteric nervous system may be involved in the spread of α-synuclein pathology from the gut to the brain.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 10 February 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01278-2A preprint by Heieis et al. shows that O-GlcNAcylation regulates the alternative activation of macrophages and their tissue residency through …
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 06 February 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01277-3A preprint by Yan et al. reports that local antibody production in germinal centres contributes to negative feedback on low-affinity B cells t…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 05 February 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01276-4Ruslan Medzhitov shares his thoughts on the balance between generating data and developing theories in immunology, with a focus on exploring t…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 28 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01275-5A preprint by El-Daher et al. describes an interferonopathy-associated mutation in the chromatin remodeller ATRX, which identifies an unexpecte…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 27 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01274-6A preprint by Villazala-Merino et al. shows that allergen-specific memory B cells must re-enter germinal centres to differentiate into IgE-prod…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 23 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01266-6JAK inhibitors are typically used to suppress the immune system but have also been shown to enhance antitumour and antiviral immune responses. …
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 21 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01262-2In this Review, Martín-Cófreces, Calzada-Fraile and Sánchez-Madrid describe the bidirectional communication that occurs at immune synapses, foc…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 21 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01262-2In this Review, Martín-Cófreces, Calzada-Fraile and Sánchez-Madrid describe the bidirectional communication that occurs at immune synapses, foc…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 19 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01272-8A new study shows that inflammation spreads from psoriatic skin to joint disease through the migration of skin myeloid precursors to the joints…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 16 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01271-9Respiratory viral infections can weaken the immune system and carry a risk of severe bacterial secondary infections. A research article in Scie…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 15 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01254-2RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) considerably expand the information content of the genome and can determine the lifespan, localization and function…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 14 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01267-5A study by Liu et al. identifies GPX4 as an immunosuppressive mediator released by ferroptotic tumour cells that inhibits the antitumour response.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 12 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01270-wSerum albumin binds and prevents the oxidation of free fatty acids, which then prevent the expression of virulence factors in Mucorales fungi.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 12 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01265-7A preprint by Zhu et al. shows that protease allergens induce neural hypersensitivity by activating mTORC1 signalling in sensory neurons.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 12 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01258-yCertain metabolites in the tumour microenvironment signal between tumour cells and infiltrating immune cells. Here, the authors discuss how met…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 09 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01264-8A preprint by McCarron et al. investigates immunodominance hierarchies in response to cancer vaccines targeting neoantigens.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 09 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01255-1Here, Becher and colleagues examine the paradoxical roles of IL-12 and IL-23, two IL-12 family cytokines that drive type 1 and type 3 immune re…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 07 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01248-0This Review describes leukocyte migration through various types of extracellular matrix (ECM) during inflammation, as well as the changes to th…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 06 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01250-6T helper 17 (TH17) cells can have both pro-tumour and antitumour effects. Understanding how they are regulated by environmental and regulatory …
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 05 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01239-1Ubiquitination tags proteins for proteasomal degradation but can also orchestrate the assembly of intracellular signalling platforms and direct…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 02 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01249-zThis Review from Turk and Huang discusses the immune processes involved in the development of vitiligo, an autoimmune disease in which melanocy…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 02 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01263-1A preprint by Boulat et al. reports that tumour-derived lactate blocks B cell migration from cancer-associated lymph nodes, preventing the form…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 15 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01261-3Publisher Correction: Fifty years of monoclonals: the past, present and future of antibody therapeutics
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 09 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01257-zRespiratory infections in early life combine with genetic and maternal factors to drive asthma development in childhood.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 09 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01260-4Besides killing infected or transformed cells, interferon-activated natural killer cells can kill T follicular helper cells and may contribute…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 08 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01259-xA preprint by Breuer et al. reports that type I IFN signalling in tumour cells promotes lymph node metastasis but suppresses metastasis to dis…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 02 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01256-0A study in Nature reports that heterotypic T cell clusters identifed in clinical samples of melanoma metastases are biologically relevant to t…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 26 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01253-3A preprint by Bockman et al. reports a cDC2-CD4+ T cell axis that mediates local tumour control after ablation of intratumoral Treg cells, wit…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 26 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01251-5A preprint by Zhijie et al. identifies somatic mutations in TYK2 that are enriched in tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and associated with an i…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 26 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01252-4A preprint by Liu et al. shows proof-of-concept for a treatment for autoimmune diseases such as SLE using synthetic immune receptor T cells th…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 18 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01238-2This Consensus Statement clarifies the existing subset-based nomenclature for T cells. Furthermore, it proposes an alternative modular nomencl…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 18 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01246-2This poster provides an overview of the current subset-based nomenclature for T cells and a newly proposed modular nomenclature for T cells. I…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 14 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01245-3Short-chain fatty acids generated by the gut microbiota can support T cell ‘stemness’ and lead to improved cancer immunotherapy outcomes.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 13 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01237-3In this Review, the authors consider a long-standing immunological conundrum — why do neutrophils have a segmented nucleus? They discuss the m…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 11 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01243-5A preprint by Rivera et al. explores how retroelement expression establishes a tolerogenic environment towards food antigens in the gut, shedd…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 11 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01241-7A preprint by Sadiku et al. characterizes neutrophil diversity in glioblastoma using a new workflow for single-cell proteomic profiling.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 11 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01247-1A preprint by Guo et al. reports a mechanism of transcriptional control of RORγt expression in intestinal antigen-presenting cells that are im…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 11 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01240-8A preprint by Srinivasan et al. describes the role of the gut microbiota and serum amyloid A in regulating retinoid flux that is important for…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 06 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01242-6Lipid transport regulates activation of intestinal T helper 17 cells and thereby limits dietary fat absorption and diet-induced weight gain.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 05 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01244-4Sanchez-Garcia et al. report that systemic hypoxia-induced epigenetic reprogramming of neutrophil progenitors in the bone marrow reduces their…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 31 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01231-9In this Review, Li and Underhill discuss recent advances in understanding the process of phagocytosis. The authors highlight how phagocytosis i…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 28 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01230-wThis Perspective presents a framework of ‘structural immunity’ that positions immune cells as architects of tissue structure. Beyond their role…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 16 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01226-6As more spaceflight missions plan to take humans back to the moon — and beyond — a key goal is to understand how spaceflight affects the immune…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 14 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01229-3The tumour microenvironment (TME) poses a significant obstacle to the success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapy in solid …
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 09 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01223-9In this Review, the authors discuss the latest advances in our understanding of organelle biology in T cell-mediated antitumour immunity and ho…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 08 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01233-7Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is associated with CD4+ T cells that are specific for the C9orf72 autoantigen and preferentially produce IL-4, IL…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 07 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01234-6Depending on context and concentration, the polyamine cadaverine can promote pro- or anti-inflammatory macrophage polarizations.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 07 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01236-4A proteotoxic stress response specific to exhausted T cells represents a target for cancer immunotherapy.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 07 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01235-5Group 2 innate lymphoid cells are crucial for maintaining nerve structure and pain thresholds.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 06 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01227-5This Review explains how an improved understanding of immune and nervous system interactions in the central nervous system (CNS) has guided the…
