Current Opinion in Immunology

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 11;98:102708. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102708. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) has been recognized as an important communication network between the gut and the brain. This network operates through immune, neural, and endocrine pathways, wherein microbiota-derived metabolites act as essential messengers regulating MGBA. Among gut metabolites, indole and its … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 11;98:102707. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102707. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sjögren’s disease (SjD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by a striking tropism for epithelial tissues, particularly the salivary and lacrimal glands. Lack of function of the salivary glands (SGs) leads to a panoply of symptoms, dramatically reducing patient quality of life. … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 9;98:102706. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102706. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Tryptophan (TRP) metabolism has long been associated with cancer immunity, primarily through the kynurenine pathway mediated by indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2). Both enzymes can deplete TRP within cells and in local microenvironments, triggering dysfunction of T cells with anti-tumor functions. … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 8;98:102704. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102704. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Clinically overt granulomatous involvement of the nervous system, or neurosarcoidosis, occurs in up to 5% of patients with sarcoidosis. Diagnosing neurosarcoidosis is often challenging due to its highly heterogeneous and frequently nonspecific clinical presentations, as well as the difficulty in obtaining tissue … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 4;98:102703. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102703. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sjögren’s disease (SjD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder marked by chronic immune activation, with a central role attributed to the interferon (IFN) system. The so-called ‘IFN signature’ at both tissue and peripheral levels has long been recognized as a hallmark of SjD, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Dec 2;98:102702. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102702. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) cells are a recently defined subtype of nonrecirculating memory T cells with longevity and protective functions in peripheral tissues. The discovery of T cells resident in diverse tissues has altered our understanding of adaptive immunity with … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Nov 20;98:102691. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102691. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Primary central nervous system vasculitis, also known as primary angiitis of CNS (PACNS), is a rare and heterogeneous inflammatory disorder of blood vessels restricted to the central nervous system. The most common presenting symptoms are headache, focal neurological deficits, and altered cognition. … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Nov 11;98:102692. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102692. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Recent advancements in microbiome research have revealed the restorative capacities of postbiotics, including indole and its derivatives generated via bacterial tryptophan metabolism. Widespread in prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities, indole and its derivatives are uniquely suited to promote host physiology and homeostasis at … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Nov 10;98:102690. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102690. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sjögren’s disease (SjD) is the second most common systemic autoimmune disease in the United States. SjD patients are predominantly women 30-50 years of age and exhibit heterogeneous clinical manifestations, including symptoms of extensive dryness, chronic fatigue, and joint pain, and various major … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Nov 10;98:102684. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102684. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Autoimmune diseases have, until recently, been treated with relatively broad immunosuppressive regimens. Newer, more focused monoclonal antibody therapies directed to specific targets, for example, anti-TNF or anti-B cell therapies, can produce significant immunosuppression. ‘Remission’ of autoimmune disease that requires ongoing immunosuppression is … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Nov 6;98:102689. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102689. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) are leading causes of transfusion-related morbidity and mortality. Despite distinct diagnostic criteria, both syndromes present similarly with respiratory distress and pulmonary edema. In recent research, they increasingly appear to share pathophysiological and … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Nov 5;98:102688. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102688. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease marked by abnormal keratinocyte growth, immune dysfunction, and a weakened skin barrier. Affecting 2-3% of the global population, it lowers quality of life and is linked to systemic conditions. Though treatments have improved, many patients … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 31;98:102683. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102683. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, auxin) is universal in microbes and plants, and contributes to human wellness, acting as an anticancer and anti-inflammatory agent. This review highlights the ubiquity of IAA production by microbes and plants, as well as its role … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 30;98:102685. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102685. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a rare subset of T cells that are potent regulators of the immune system. As a result, the use of Tregs to prevent undesired immune activation and to re-establish immune balance is an attractive cellular therapy approach. … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 29;98:102686. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102686. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Complement inhibition has revolutionized the management of hemolytic diseases by targeting the underlying drivers of red blood cell destruction in disorders such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, and cold agglutinin disease. Recent advances have expanded the therapeutic landscape beyond … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 29;98:102687. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102687. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Excessive complement activation represents a major pathogenic mechanism for a range of serious human diseases. Complement-inhibitory therapeutics have been approved for a number of rare and ultra-rare conditions, with several others in clinical development. The vast majority of these complement-targeted drugs act … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 27;97:102681. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102681. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Infectious agents are potential triggers for autoimmune diseases (ADs) in susceptible individuals, with infection being a key factor in initiating autoimmunity. Epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests molecular mimicry as a plausible mechanism for breaking peripheral tolerance, leading to clinical disease. However, molecular … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 23;97:102682. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102682. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Malaria is a life-threatening disease affecting more than 200 million people worldwide. CD4 T helper 1 (Th1) and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are critical for stimulating phagocyte activation and humoral immunity, yet sterilizing, protective immune memory responses rarely develop. Malaria induces … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 17;97:102680. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102680. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT While T cells play a prominent role, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are also significant players in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. This review details the mechanobiology of PMN in the amplification of skin inflammation, a process often under-scrutinized compared to T cell pathways. PMN … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 14;97:102678. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102678. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Neurotropic viruses represent a public health challenge due to their ability to cause severe neurological conditions, including meningitis, encephalitis, and paralysis. Although many studies have investigated the immune responses to viral infections in the brain and other nervous system targets, most have … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 13;97:102679. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102679. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sarcoidosis is a heterogeneous condition, with some presentations associated with spontaneous remission and favourable outcome without treatment. Other presentations, including small fibre neuropathy, arthropathy and sarcoid-associated fatigue, can cause disabling symptoms that may not respond to disease-modifying therapies and must be managed … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 10;97:102676. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102676. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation represents a curative treatment of choice for numerous severe hematological malignancies. While donor-derived transplanted T cells can limit disease relapse (GvT/GvL effect), they also induce, in 30-50% of the patients, acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD), a severe condition … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 10;97:102675. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102675. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) can cure patients with high-risk hematologic malignancies. Donor T and natural killer (NK) cells contribute to graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects that provide relapse protection. Post-HCT relapses often represent inadequate GVL, but alloreactive lymphocytes that confer GVL may also … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 9;97:102674. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102674. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated skin disease whose inflammation can affect other systems and lead to various comorbidities. As a model inflammatory skin disease, while advances in mechanistic insights and targeted therapies have improved outcomes, unmet clinical needs persist. Modern technologies like … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 9;97:102677. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102677. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT A central challenge in defending mucosal barriers is protecting against pathogens while also limiting excessive inflammation. Respiratory viruses are a prime example – respiratory viruses present a threat to their target cells, the epithelial cells that line the airways, but excessive leukocyte … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Oct 4;97:102673. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102673. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Cutaneous involvement of sarcoidosis can provide important insights into the presence and prognosis of systemic involvement. Recent insights into the underlying pathophysiology of sarcoidosis have allowed for more targeted therapy, including inhibition of the JAK-STAT and mTOR pathways. In this review article, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Sep 30;97:102661. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102661. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that arises from a complex interplay between a dysregulated immune response in genetically predisposed individuals. IBD can further be classified into its two main subtypes, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Sep 22;97:102659. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102659. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, we described a peak of a Kawasaki-like disease in children, later renamed multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). We report the long-term outcomes of MIS-C patients who presented to our center. METHODS: We recorded clinical features and … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Sep 19;97:102663. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102663. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sarcoidosis is a complex, polygenic, and multifactorial disease characterized by granulomas in affected organs, which are the hallmark of the condition. Genetic susceptibility, environmental influences, and lifestyle factors play key roles in its development. Although the exact molecular mechanisms are not yet … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Sep 19;97:102662. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102662. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Since its first application in HLA-haploidentical settings, post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) has become a standard for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis, with its use expanding to matched and mismatched hematopoietic cell transplantation. Its major clinical advantages include versatility and cost-effectiveness, providing robust GVHD prevention … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Sep 17;97:102660. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102660. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The dogma of an impenetrable blood-brain barrier (BBB) has given way to the view that resident immune cells within the central nervous system respond to a variety of blood-borne soluble factors, particularly cytokines, and play an important functional role. In particular, microglia … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Sep 15;97:102658. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102658. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a multifaceted autoimmune condition that affects the peripheral and axial joints, entheses, skin, and nails. The management of PsA relies on prompt diagnosis and early initiation of effective treatment to minimize joint destruction. Treatment options for PsA are … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Sep 12;97:102657. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102657. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Tuft cells are epithelial sentinels that monitor the luminal environment at barrier sites throughout the body. Their function as crucial initiators of type 2 immunity against helminths and protists in the intestine emerged nearly a decade ago. Since then, key tuft cell … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Sep 11;97:102656. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102656. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination are associated with a broad range of skin manifestations, including chilblains, urticaria, morbilliform and papulovesicular rashes, purpuric-necrotic lesions, and autoimmune flares. These patterns reflect differences in the timing and nature of type I interferon (IFN-I) responses. Rapid TLR7-mediated … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Sep 9;97:102654. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102654. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Glucocorticoid-refractory chronic graft-versus-host disease (glucocorticoid-refractory cGVHD) remains a major barrier to long-term survival and quality of life following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), affecting 30-70% to half of patients with chronic GVHD who fail corticosteroid therapy. In recent years, the Food … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Sep 5;97:102655. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102655. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The complement system plays a paradoxical role in systemic lupus erythematosus physiopathology, acting both as a protective mechanism and as a driver of tissue injury, depending on disease stage. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) further exacerbate disease activity by promoting complement activation and … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Sep 3;97:102653. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102653. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT C1 Inhibitor (C1INH) is a crucial regulator of multiple plasmatic pathways, including complement, coagulation, kallikrein-kinin systems, and fibrinolysis. C1INH deficiency results in the downstream overproduction of the vasoactive peptide bradykinin (BK), the primary mediator of angioedema (AE), a rare disease characterized by … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Sep 2;97:102651. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102651. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT ‘Intrinsic immunity’ is often used to refer to mechanisms of host defense operating in nonleukocytic cells. This term can refer to the intrinsic capacity of an individual cell to fend off invading microbes without help from other cells or of a group … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Sep 1;97:102652. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102652. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Diagnosing sarcoidosis remains challenging. Histology findings and a variable clinical presentation can mimic other infectious, malignant, and autoimmune diseases. This review synthesizes current evidence on histopathology, sampling techniques, imaging modalities, and biomarkers and explores how emerging ‘omics’ and artificial … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Aug 29;97:102648. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102648. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Endothelial cells (ECs) integrate immune and vascular functions to promote host defense against pathogens. While previously studied as forming passive flow conduits, ECs are now recognized as active contributors to maladaptive inflammation. During acute infection, ECs may promote tissue pathologies, including hypoxia, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Aug 26;96:102650. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102650. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a life-threatening complication of blood transfusion, with mortality rates exceeding 40% in critically ill patients. Despite its clinical severity, TRALI pathogenesis remains unclear, leaving clinicians struggling to fully understand and manage it due to its unpredictable … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Aug 26;96:102649. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102649. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is a significant complication of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT), characterized by immune-mediated tissue damage from donor immune cells. Standard treatment of aGVHD involves systemic corticosteroids, but many patients do not respond adequately, with 30%-50% of patients being … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Aug 25;96:102647. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102647. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The role of B cells in central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity was initially highlighted by successful clinical trials of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies in multiple sclerosis (MS). Research in MS as well as in aquaporin 4 (AQP4)-IgG+ neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and myelin oligodendrocyte … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Aug 21;96:102646. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102646. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review summarizes recent advances in metabolomics that have enhanced our understanding of transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM), highlighting how biochemical changes in stored blood products – with a focus on packed red blood cells – affect recipient immune responses. RECENT … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Aug 20;96:102639. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102639. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and neuroimmune system is essential during host-microbiome interactions. Recent research has begun to unravel microbiome-neuroimmune crosstalk and suggest classical neurochemicals as key molecular players. Serotonin, a tryptophan-derived neurochemical found across the kingdom of life, is increasingly … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Aug 20;96:102644. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102644. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Allergic transfusion reactions (ATRs) are among the most common adverse nonhemolytic transfusion reactions. However, since ATR is diagnosed based only on clinical observations, contrary to other allergic diseases, the causal relationship between a given ATR and the corresponding transfusion remains ambiguous in … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Aug 19;96:102645. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102645. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The rising interest in using cold-stored platelets (CSP) for improving outcomes in patients with active bleeding has led to multiple clinical trials with the goal of determining the in vivo hemostatic efficacy of CSP compared to standard-of-care room temperature-stored platelets. These trials … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Aug 18;96:102641. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102641. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis are chronic autoimmune diseases characterized by dysregulated immune responses, particularly involving Th17 cells. Immune checkpoint molecules such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligands (PD-L1/PD-L2) are critical for maintaining immune tolerance. Disruptions in these pathways contribute to psoriatic … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Aug 18;96:102642. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102642. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially those with end-stage kidney disease on dialysis or kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), are highly susceptible to infections, including the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affected this vulnerable population, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Aug 14;96:102640. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102640. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT A general understanding of the mechanisms leading to the development of systemic lupus has emerged over recent years, yet treatment of the illness remains largely empiric and unsatisfactory. Targeted therapy with monoclonal antibodies directed against B cells and against cytokines has met … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Aug 14;96:102643. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102643. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Autoimmune skin diseases (AISDs) constitute a group of skin disorders driven by B cell-mediated autoimmunity or dysregulation of other immune cell populations. AISD can be further divided into systemic autoimmune disease with skin involvement, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and skin-specific … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Aug 14;96:102636. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102636. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin disease characterized by abnormal proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, with a complex pathogenesis often linked to environmental and genetic factors. Although many treatments are available, the disease still exhibits a high recurrence rate. Epigenetic regulation appears … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Aug 11;96:102632. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102632. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common rheumatological disorder affecting children. It is characterized by chronic synovial inflammation that may lead to permanent joint damage and disability. JIA is an umbrella term for a heterogenous group of subtypes based on specific … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Aug 9;96:102637. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102637. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown cause that affects the lungs almost invariably. The clinical course and outcomes of pulmonary sarcoidosis are highly variable, ranging from mild and self-limiting to organ-threatening or life-threatening disease. Often, sarcoidosis remits permanently (spontaneously or … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Aug 7;96:102638. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102638. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Tuning complement activity is essential to maximize therapeutic efficacy while minimizing off-target effects in monoclonal antibody (mAb) design. Complement-enhancing strategies are primarily applied to mAbs targeting pathogens, infected cells, tumors, or immunosuppressive cells within the tumor microenvironment. In contrast, complement-silencing strategies are … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Aug 6;96:102629. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102629. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Macrophages and the complement system are fundamental components of innate immunity, emerging early in evolutionary history. The well-established functions of complement in relation to macrophages contribute to both innate and adaptive immunity and are mediated by extracellular components acting systemically or locally … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Aug 6;96:102628. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102628. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an acquired autoimmune thrombophilia. Complement system, which shares common actors with the coagulation cascade, is nowadays well established to be implicated in APS pathophysiology by different mechanisms. In APS, complement activation assessment is not included in the routine … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Aug 6;96:102631. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102631. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) is believed to manifest in 30-40% of SLE patients, with symptoms spanning from fatigue and anxiety to depression, cognitive impairment, and psychosis. Over the past decades, it has become clear that most animal models of SLE also present with … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Aug 5;96:102635. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102635. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Wound healing represents a dynamic process centered on the temporally coordinated inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases. The inflammatory response exhibits a double-edged role: a moderate response is essential for normal healing, but excessive or persistent response impedes repair processes. In normal wound … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Aug 5;96:102610. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102610. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) is a vasculopathy with recurrent thrombosis and/or miscarriages mediated by autoantibodies against PL-binding proteins (aPL), mainly beta2glycoprotein I (β2GPI). While clotting is the key in vascular APS, thrombosis is not critical for placenta pathology. Despite that, anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Aug 5;96:102634. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102634. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Alloimmunization to blood group antigens is the result of a humoral immune response initiated by exposure to foreign antigens absent from the recipient’s red blood cells (RBCs). Interestingly, not all individuals who receive mismatched RBC transfusions develop alloantibodies. Increasing evidence points to … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Aug 5;96:102633. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102633. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The complement system, a central component of innate immunity, is implicated in tumor biology, influencing processes such as tumor progression, immune evasion, and response to therapy. Numerous studies have identified alterations in complement effectors, activation products, regulatory proteins, and receptors in patients … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Aug 1;96:102630. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102630. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Inflammatory memory refers to the ability of an organism to mount a stronger or faster response upon re-exposure to similar inflammatory stimuli. This heightened sensitivity was once thought to be a unique characteristic of immune cells. However, recent studies have challenged this … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jul 28;96:102617. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102617. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Blood transfusion is integral to modern medicine but carries significant immunological risks. This review outlines key immune-mediated complications, including acute hemolytic transfusion reactions from ABO incompatibility, and febrile nonhemolytic reactions caused by cytokines or antileukocyte antibodies. Other reactions include allergic responses, anaphylaxis … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jul 28;96:102618. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102618. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT As with all autoimmune diseases, antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA) vasculitis cannot be cured by a singular approach. This complexity arises because autoimmune conditions typically result from multiple hits to the immune system – including genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, infections, and perturbations in … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jul 28;96:102616. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102616. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible central vision loss in elderly populations across developed countries. Complement system dysregulation has been implicated in AMD onset and evolution. Complement inhibition therapies have been authorized in the USA as the primary … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jul 18;96:102612. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102612. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT In order to stay circulating in the human population over many years, viruses need to adapt to the environment, mainly to the host’s immune response, allowing for reinfection despite preexisting immunity. These different viral strategies are clearly important for guiding vaccine design. … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jul 18;96:102615. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102615. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Langerhans cells (LCs), the professional antigen-presenting cells in the epidermis, serve as the first line of defense in the skin’s immune system. With advancements in detection technologies and the development of diverse animal models, LCs have been shown to exhibit heterogeneous origins, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jul 17;96:102613. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102613. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare, chronic cholestatic liver disease affecting the intra- and extra-hepatic bile ducts, leading to progressive inflammation and fibrosis. Its pathogenesis is complex and involves genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and their interaction through the gut-liver axis, mediated … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jul 18;96:102608. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102608. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), chronic autoimmunity and sustained inflammation can lead to the development of neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) in up to 80% of patients. Elevated interferon-alpha (IFNα) is detected in serum and cerebrospinal fluid, making it a major focus in studies … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jul 16;96:102607. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102607. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Although human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I alloimmunization is asymptomatic, it nevertheless introduces a degree of complexity in the context of transplantation or allogeneic transfusion. In practice, it is evidenced by the presence of anti-HLA-I alloantibodies in patient circulation, which can lead … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jul 16;96:102611. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102611. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) manifests with inflammatory back pain and is diagnosed predominantly in subjects carrying the human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 allele. While not diagnostic for the disease or a predictive biomarker in the general population, there is convincing data on the pathogenic … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jul 16;96:102614. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102614. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Psoriasis is increasingly recognized as a metabolically regulated inflammatory skin disease. Aberrant glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism reshape T cell, dendritic cell, macrophage, and neutrophil responses, driving chronic inflammation. Keratinocyte-derived metabolites further amplify immune dysfunction, establishing a reciprocal … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jul 14;96:102609. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102609. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an organ-specific autoimmune disorder mainly affecting females and characterized by seropositivity for autoantibodies, hypergammaglobulinemia, and histological evidence of interface hepatitis. Liver damage in AIH is perpetrated by multiple immune cell subsets, including B, T lymphocytes, and macrophages. Dysfunction … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jul 10;96:102606. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102606. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Biological therapy has revolutionized the treatment landscape of complex and chronic conditions, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. However, their high costs have significantly limited patient access, particularly in low- and middle-income regions, such as Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). As cost-effective … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jul 7;95:102601. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102601. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Psoriatic disease encompasses psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. It is a chronic, progressive condition and leads to irreversible joint destruction. Conventional treatments used are disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and biologics. Janus kinase (JAK) signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) cell signaling protein inhibitors … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jul 7;95:102602. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102602. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Biologic therapies have significantly improved the management of immune-mediated conditions like psoriatic disease, enhancing the quality of life of patients. However, monotherapy is often insufficient, especially in cases of relapse, concomitant psoriatic arthritis, and involvement of difficult-to-treat areas: the scalp, palmoplantar areas, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jul 4;95:102599. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102599. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Autoinflammatory diseases are a group of immune dysregulation disorders, with genetic mutations identified in approximately 50% of patients. However, patients with known pathogenic mutations may display a broad range of phenotypic diversity. Epigenetic modifications play a crucial role in regulating immune-mediated diseases, … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jul 3;95:102604. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102604. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a rare disorder caused by loss of tolerance to red blood cell (RBC) antigens, leading to their destruction by autoantibodies. AIHA can occur as a primary condition or secondary to infections, malignancies, or immune-modulating therapies, such as … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jul 3;95:102605. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102605. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: Platelet and red blood cell (RBC) transfusions, whether used as prophylactic measures or therapeutic interventions, are critical for saving lives. However, the composition of platelet and RBC concentrates used for transfusion may contribute to adverse reactions following transfusion. … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jul 2;95:102594. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102594. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Over recent decades, the significance of autoantibodies has been increasingly recognized in neurological diseases. Breakthroughs, such as the identification of pathogenic autoantibodies targeting aquaporin-4 in central nervous system demyelinating disorders and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in autoimmune encephalitis, have revolutionized both the discovery and … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jul 2;95:102600. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102600. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Exhausted CD8+T cells (CD8+Tex), characterized by progressive dysfunction and sustained inhibitory receptor expression, emerge as a potential therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases. While Tex impairs antitumor immunity, the reduced autoreactivity prevents the functioning of pathogenic CD8⁺T cells, contrasting with broad immunosuppression from … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jul 2;95:102603. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102603. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: Recent insights into extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from platelet (PC) and red blood cell concentrates (RBC), which form during blood product processing and storage. RECENT FINDINGS: EVs impact transfusion outcomes by modulating immune and inflammatory responses. Acting as … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jul 1:102598. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102598. Online ahead of print. NO ABSTRACT PMID:40603234 | DOI:10.1016/j.coi.2025.102598

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jun 27;95:102597. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102597. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Although we can at present more effectively manage Behçet syndrome compared to several decades ago, we are not yet quite near a cure. Our main shortcoming is we have yet to decipher its cause(s) and disease mechanism(s). First, there are reasons to … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jun 24;95:102596. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102596. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Autoimmune diseases represent a significant global health burden, characterized by aberrant immune responses leading to tissue damage and functional impairment. Despite advancements in immunosuppressive therapies, achieving sustained remission remains challenging, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, a … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jun 23;95:102591. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102591. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid (BP) are both autoimmune bullous diseases (AIBD), but their clinical features and treatment strategies are different. Pemphigus is characterized by intraepidermal blisters mediated by antibodies against desmosomes, while BP is characterized by subepidermal blisters mediated by antibodies against … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jun 23;95:102590. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102590. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease whose main manifestation is scaly and erythematous plaques. The pathogenesis is complex, including genetic and environmental factors. In recent years, epigenetic modifications, which means changing in gene expression instead of altering the DNA sequence, have … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jun 19;95:102587. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102587. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a systemic, immune-mediated disorder characterized by inflammation across peripheral and axial joints, entheses, skin, and nails. Given this heterogeneous manifestation, PsA presents unique challenges in clinical diagnosis and management. Conventional imaging, limited to localized, anatomical assessments, often fails … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jun 19;95:102588. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102588. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Supporting the health and function of the central nervous system (CNS), the choroid plexus (CP) not only produces cerebrospinal fluid, but it also facilitates brain-immune interfacing, removes waste, and secretes proneuronal signals. Despite these key physiological contributions, a pathogenic role for the … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jun 19;95:102589. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102589. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Autoimmune bullous diseases (AIBDs), including pemphigus and pemphigoid, are featured as the presence of autoantibodies directed against structural proteins, resulting in severe blistering as well as considerable morbidity. Current treatments, including glucocorticoids, immunomodulators, and biologics, often fail to achieve sustained remission due … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jun 20;95:102595. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102595. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Healthy individuals exhibit sex-specific immune responses. In certain immune-related diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, there is a pronounced sex bias in incidence, severity, and other clinical features. These differences are influenced by immune-related genes encoded in the sex chromosomes, as well as … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jun 18;95:102593. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102593. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Chronic intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) reflects the interplay of genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, microbial imbalance, and epithelial barrier defects. Current therapies for IBD primarily focus on controlling inflammation necessitating lifelong treatment and face a ‘therapeutic ceiling’ due to primary … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jun 17;95:102592. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102592. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) comprise a highly heterogeneous group of disorders with significant morbidity, disability, and mortality. Growing scientific evidence has suggested the interactions between genetic and environmental factors robustly involving in the pathogenesis of AIDs. Epigenetics serves as a critical bridge linking … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Feb;92:102524. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2024.102524. Epub 2024 Dec 27. ABSTRACT The well-documented protumorigenic roles of macrophages in advanced cancers can sometimes overshadow their beneficial functions in the earlier stages of tumor development. This essay explores the hypothesis that macrophages play a crucial protective role in premalignant tissues by sensing and responding to early … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jun 14;95:102586. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102586. Online ahead of print. NO ABSTRACT PMID:40517551 | DOI:10.1016/j.coi.2025.102586

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jun 11;95:102585. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102585. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Spatial transcriptomics (ST) is a technology that has advanced our understanding of the cellular and genetic characteristics of conditions like psoriasis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. ST is often used in conjunction with methods like single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), which is a popular … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jun 7;95:102568. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102568. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Once believed to be limited in its impact on the brain, the immune system is now recognized as a potent modulator of the brain and behavior. This review explores the evolving understanding of the brain-immune axis, highlighting the role of immune cells … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jun 4;95:102584. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102584. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Immune tolerance is essential for preventing self-damage while maintaining effective immune responses against foreign insults. Disruptions in this balance contribute to autoimmune and inflammatory conditions, including neuroimmunological disorders that are characterized by aberrant inflammation in the nervous system. Follicular regulatory T (TFR) … Read more

Curr Opin Immunol. 2025 Jun 4;95:102579. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2025.102579. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: To provide an overview of animal models and mechanisms of autoimmune encephalitides associated with autoantibodies against neuronal surface antigens. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Currently, 18 encephalitides are known to be mediated by cell-surface autoantibodies, with 16 targeting neuronal proteins or … Read more