Journal of Immunology

J Immunol. 2025 Jul 29:vkaf172. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf172. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT As we age, it becomes increasingly important to reduce the consumption of fatty foods. In mice, we also find that after consuming a high-fat diet, older mice develop insulin resistance more easily than young mice. But how aging renders both humans and mice … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jul 28:vkaf153. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf153. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Uterine natural killer cells have been thought to be critical for reproductive success, and their developmental origins remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Eomesodermin is a key transcription factor determining the lineage of tissue-resident NK cells within the uterus both at steady state … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jul 25:vkaf159. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf159. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT In this study, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for sole immunoglobulin M (IgM) were generated, which allowed us to evaluate the kinetics of IgM+ B cell responses, assess the recruitment of these cells to the peritoneum following vaccination, and compare the dynamics of antigen-specific … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jul 26:vkaf143. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf143. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells recognize conserved microbial antigens presented by the non-polymorphic MR1 molecules and play important roles in barrier immunity. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) is a major cause of diarrheal disease in children in lower-income countries and among travelers. Here we … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jul 26:vkaf144. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf144. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Infection with influenza virus remains a significant global health concern due to its ability to acquire mutations at key antigenic sites to escape antibody recognition. While germinal center (GC) and memory B cells have been well studied following influenza infection, the clonal dynamics … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jul 23:vkaf071. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf071. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Mortality from Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) continues to increase among non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. Previous studies have reported that a considerable proportion of patients experience deterioration of their disease when glucocorticoids or other immunosuppressants are withdrawn. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jul 22:vkaf122. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf122. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Cell transfer experiments complement the rigorous investigation of antiviral and antitumor functions of natural killer (NK) cells. Success in these endeavors is enhanced by expansion of small numbers of input NK cells driven by viral antigens or homeostatic proliferation in immunodeficient hosts. In … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jul 21:vkaf150. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf150. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Th1 and Th17 cell-mediated autoimmunity is critical for myocarditis induction. Antigen-presenting cell (APCs)-released interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 are implicated in the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 lineages. In this study, we utilized cardiac self-antigen myosin heavy chain alpha (α-MyHC)-pulsed bone marrow-derived dendritic cells … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jul 14:vkaf148. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf148. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Effective small molecule therapies are a major unmet need in triple-negative breast cancer. Therefore, we examined the mechanism of action of a novel cancer therapeutic target in preclinical mouse models focusing on the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRNA7). E0771 breast tumor cells were … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jul 11:vkaf149. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf149. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Plasma cells (PC) produce antigen-specific antibodies following vaccination or infection, playing a vital role in protective immunity. Not all PC have equal lifespans, yet how lifespans are determined remains unknown. Here, we describe a system for the generation of persistent PC in mice … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jul 10:vkaf173. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf173. Online ahead of print. NO ABSTRACT PMID:40638862 | DOI:10.1093/jimmun/vkaf173

J Immunol. 2025 Jul 10:vkaf138. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf138. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Th2 cells must sense and adapt to the tissue milieu to provide protective host immunity and tissue repair. Here, we examined the mechanisms promoting Th2 cell differentiation and function within the small intestinal lamina propria. Single cell RNA-seq analyses of CD4+ T cells … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jul 9:vkaf131. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf131. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway, a sensor of cytosolic DNA, orchestrates the production of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and type I interferons (IFN-Is), thereby contributing to spontaneous tumor surveillance. Intratumoral delivery of synthetic STING agonists induces IFN-I-dependent tumor regression in … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jul 7:vkaf097. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf097. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Acute lung injury (ALI) post-lung transplantation (LT) is a major clinical challenge. This study investigates the role of exosomal miR-124-3p in modulating macrophage polarization and ameliorating ALI. Using male C57BL/6J mice, we established a left lung orthotopic transplantation model. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jul 3:vkaf136. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf136. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Tissue stromal cells are composed of numerous cell types with phenotypical and functional heterogeneity. Apart from providing structural support, they are emerging as key orchestrators of both activation and repression of immune responses in tissue microenvironment. The underlying mechanisms by which stromal cells … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jul 3:vkaf147. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf147. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Type 2 memory B cells (mBC2), identified in mice as IgG1+CD23+IL-4Rα+CD38+ B cells, which require IL-4 for genesis, are precursors for IgE plasma cells (PC) and considered key in allergy. While IL-21 is critical for normal mBC differentiation, its involvement in mBC2 formation … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jul 3:vkaf133. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf133. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Borrelia burgdorferi (or Borreliella burgdorferi), the extracellular spirochete responsible for Lyme disease, elicits a type I interferon (IFN-I) response critical for the development of Lyme arthritis. However, the specific pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) driving this response remains unidentified. Previous studies have reported that … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jul 1:vkaf135. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf135. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Macrophages, the central mediators of innate immune responses, can adapt and build nonspecific memory, also known as innate immune memory or trained immunity. Training of macrophages occurs through epigenetic changes and metabolic rewiring, which fuels macrophage responsiveness. In addition to training in response … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 28:vkaf125. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf125. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT T cells are the most important cytotoxic cells involved in antitumor immune responses. After recognizing the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide complex, cytokines including interferon-γ (IFN-γ) are released to kill tumor cells. However, IFN-γ can also induce tumor cells to express PD-L1. This molecule … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Mar 1;214(3):472-488. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkae060. ABSTRACT The Rels, a class of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) complexes, regulate diverse physiological processes by modulating the transcription of effector genes. IκBs are the critical proteins that inhibit NF-κB nuclear translocation, thereby disrupting NF-κB-mediated signaling pathways. Despite this, the precise role and underlying molecular mechanisms of Rel … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 30:vkaf139. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf139. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Neoantigen-specific T cells play a major role in cancer immunotherapy. Mutated proteins derived from non-synonymous mutations in tumor genomic DNA are the major source of neoantigens. It is conceivable that non-synonymous mutations found in tumor mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can also generate neoantigens that … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 30:vkaf130. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf130. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) is a lipid mediator known to inhibit T helper 2 (Th2) immune responses and allergic inflammation, but its role in regulating Th2 cell metabolism remains underexplored. Using the Seahorse assay, we evaluated the effects of PGI2 signaling on Th2 cell … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 28:vkaf137. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf137. Online ahead of print. NO ABSTRACT PMID:40587419 | DOI:10.1093/jimmun/vkaf137

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 24:vkaf059. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf059. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Plasma cell survival is influenced by various factors, including soluble mediators, intrinsic and extrinsic signals as well as adhesion molecules defining the bone marrow microenvironment. The role of their induction, turnover and competition dynamics among different antigen-specific bone marrow plasma cell subsets is … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 24:vkaf168. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf168. Online ahead of print. NO ABSTRACT PMID:40581798 | DOI:10.1093/jimmun/vkaf168

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 23:vkaf129. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf129. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT T cell tolerance to self can prevent self-reactive B cells from mounting effective autoimmune responses by limiting their available help. However, tolerance may be compromised during infection if small amounts of soluble cross-reactive pathogen antigens containing functional T cell epitopes are released for … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 23:vkaf127. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf127. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT B cell differentiation is tightly regulated through coordinated changes in metabolism, division, expression of transcription factors, and epigenetic programming mediated by histone modifying enzymes. Here, we examined the role of an epigenetic writer, the histone H3K9 mono and dimethyltransferase G9a, in B cell … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 23:vkaf093. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf093. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Placentation presents immune conflict between mother and fetus, yet in normal pregnancy maternal immunity against infection is maintained without expense to fetal tolerance. This is believed to result from adaptations at the maternal-fetal interface (MFI), which affect T cell programming, but the identities … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 28:vkaf176. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf176. Online ahead of print. NO ABSTRACT PMID:40586395 | DOI:10.1093/jimmun/vkaf176

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 18:vkaf162. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf162. Online ahead of print. NO ABSTRACT PMID:40577525 | DOI:10.1093/jimmun/vkaf162

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 26:vkaf120. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf120. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3), an immune checkpoint, inhibits T cell function by binding to major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII). Although LAG3 holds significant therapeutic potential for cancer immunotherapy, the molecular mechanisms underlying LAG3-mediated immunosuppression remain poorly characterized. Here, using a reconstituted … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 26:vkaf132. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf132. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT A growing body of evidence suggests that the immune checkpoint inhibitory receptor VISTA plays a central role in the regulation of innate immunity in the settings of inflammatory diseases and cancer. Neutrophils are among the cells that have the highest membrane density of … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 16:vkaf124. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf124. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Marginal zone (MZ) B cells bridge innate and adaptive immunity by sensing bloodborne antigens and producing rapid antibody and cytokine responses. When unregulated, MZ B cells are associated with autoimmunity. CD55 is a membrane-bound complement regulator that interferes with complement activation and is … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 16:vkaf077. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf077. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT NK cells utilize effector functions, including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), for the clearance of viral infection and cellular malignancies. While antibody-induced clustering of FcγRIIIa (CD16a) is thought to drive ADCC, the molecular basis for this activity has not been fully described. We used … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 16:vkaf107. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf107. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT CD8+ T cells are key effectors in immune control of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Within C57BL/6 mice, the T. cruzi-specific CD8+ T cell response is largely comprised of T cells recognizing trans-sialidase (TS)- and mucin-encoded epitopes. Despite their immunodominance, these epitope-specific CD8+ T cells … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 16:vkaf117. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf117. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT RTA-408, also known as Omaveloxolone, is an FDA-approved drug for treating Friedrich’s Ataxia, a neurological disorder. It is a triterpenoid compound that activates nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a key regulator of cellular redox balance. In this study, we explored the … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 25:vkaf121. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf121. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT We previously observed that circulating human neutrophils exposed to epithelial ovarian cancer (OC) ascites fluid supernatants (ASC) and malignant effusions from other tumors acquire T cell suppressor function. Collagen motifs ligate LAIR-1, an inhibitory SHP-1-dependent checkpoint broadly expressed on immune cells. We hypothesized … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 15:vkaf126. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf126. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by a type 2-high adaptive immune response towards common aeroantigens such as dust mite, pollen, and animal dander. Despite the advances made toward translation of various biologics into the clinic, the limited … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 14:vkaf157. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf157. Online ahead of print. NO ABSTRACT PMID:40515605 | DOI:10.1093/jimmun/vkaf157

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 13:vkaf161. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf161. Online ahead of print. NO ABSTRACT PMID:40514038 | DOI:10.1093/jimmun/vkaf161

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 12:vkaf100. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf100. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Modern antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens have revolutionized the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and transformed it from a life-threatening disease to a manageable chronic condition. Despite the durable viral suppression associated with ART adherence, people with HIV (PWH) continue to experience chronic … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 12:vkaf111. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf111. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Colorectal cancer (CRC) progression is closely associated with the dynamic evolution of the tumor microenvironment. As a key component of the tumor microenvironment, tumor-associated neutrophils exhibit protumor properties and dynamically regulate malignant processes by secreting bioactive mediators that coordinate interactions among immune cells. … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 11:vkaf110. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf110. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Neutrophils are immune cells specialized in producing large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill microbes. However, the mechanisms by which these cells regulate the balance of different ROS species and mitigate oxidative stress remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that superoxide dismutase … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 10:vkaf096. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf096. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Disease relapse is a major cause of death in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). The characterization of novel functional T-cell subtypes is critical for predicting clinical responses as well as developing strategies for immunotherapy in leukemia. … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 9:vkaf115. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf115. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT This Pillars of Immunology article revisits the landmark 2007 study by Foster, Hargreaves, and Medzhitov-the first to uncover the mechanistic basis of memory in the innate immune system. This pivotal study marks a fundamental shift in our understanding of innate immunity, revealing an … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 9:vkaf114. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf114. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Pulmonary type 2 innate lymphocytes (ILC2s) show sex dimorphism in numbers, phenotype, and function. We used a novel strategy of competitive, mixed male-female donor bone marrow chimeras to determine if sex differences in murine ILC2s result from extrinsic factors in the recipient environment … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 5:vkaf134. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf134. Online ahead of print. NO ABSTRACT PMID:40474450 | DOI:10.1093/jimmun/vkaf134

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 4:vkaf152. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf152. Online ahead of print. NO ABSTRACT PMID:40468599 | DOI:10.1093/jimmun/vkaf152

J Immunol. 2025 Jun 2:vkaf103. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf103. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The cytokine-signaling inhibitor ruxolitinib causes disease flares of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). This tumor-promoting activity correlates with its ability to inhibit interleukin (IL)-10 production by CLL B cells that have been activated with IL-2 and the Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist resiquimod (called … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 30:vkaf098. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf098. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of childhood respiratory infections worldwide. However, no vaccine is available for children, and treatment options are limited. Identification of host factors pivotal to viral replication or immune-inflammatory regulation may inform the development of novel therapies, … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 30:vkaf118. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf118. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Interleukin enhancer-binding factor 2 (ILF2) has been reported to act as either a positive or negative regulator of viral infection by directly affecting viral RNA replication. In this study, mallard ILF2 was found to impair type I IFN production, thereby facilitating the replication … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 30:vkaf090. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf090. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Cancer neoepitopes have emerged as strong candidates as cancer vaccines. Mouse models of cancer neoepitopes often test their activity in models of prophylaxis, while the human setting is always in therapy of preexisting disease. We have previously identified 7 MHC I-presented cancer neoepitopes … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 1;214(5):1071. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf052. NO ABSTRACT PMID:40443367 | DOI:10.1093/jimmun/vkaf052

J Immunol. 2025 May 1;214(5):851-852. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf029. NO ABSTRACT PMID:40443366 | DOI:10.1093/jimmun/vkaf029

J Immunol. 2025 May 1;214(5):889-902. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkae036. ABSTRACT The immune system has long been recognized for its critical role in the elimination of pathogens and the development of autoimmune diseases, but recent evidence demonstrates that it also contributes to noncommunicable diseases associated with biological aging processes, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and frailty. This … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 28:vkaf069. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf069. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by aberrant keratinocyte proliferation and immune cell infiltration with upregulation of inflammatory cytokines. Here, we examined the contribution of HCAR2 encoding for the short-chain fatty acid receptor GPR109A. Human and mouse RNA sequencing public datasets … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Feb 26:vkaf081. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf081. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Fish lack organized mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues as found in birds and mammals. However, a distinct aggregation of lymphoid cells, the interbranchial lymphoid tissue (ILT), was identified in the gills of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in 2008. Since then, additional structures of similar … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Feb 26:vkaf109. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf109. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The inhibitory Fc gamma receptor IIB (FcγRIIB) is a critical determinant of humoral immunity. By providing feedback inhibition, through inhibitory signalling or competition for antibody Fc engagement, it counterbalances and contextualises cellular responses to signals emanating from co-ligated activating receptors, such as the … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 27:vkaf050. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf050. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), a B-cell lymphoma in cattle. Previous studies have demonstrated that T cells of BLV-infected cattle show increased expression of immune checkpoint molecules, including programmed death-1 (PD-1), lymphocyte-activation gene-3 (LAG-3), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), and … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Feb 27:vkaf104. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf104. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Strain 68-1 rhesus CMV (RhCMV) vectors induce immune responses that mediate early, complete replication arrest of SIV infection in ∼60% of vaccinated rhesus macaques (RMs). This unique efficacy depends on the ability of these vectors to elicit effector memory (EM)-biased CD8+ T cells … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 25:vkaf106. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf106. Online ahead of print. NO ABSTRACT PMID:40414619 | DOI:10.1093/jimmun/vkaf106

J Immunol. 2025 May 25:vkaf073. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf073. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The mechanisms through which heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2B1 (HNRNPA2B1) contributes to innate immune gene regulation are poorly understood. To fill this gap, we generated a myeloid lineage-specific HNRNPA2B1-conditional mouse using LysMCre. In an endotoxic shock model, HNRNPA2B1-deficient mice exhibit dampened expression of inflammatory … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 23:vkaf102. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf102. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT This study investigates the diagnostic potential of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), IL-8, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as combined biomarkers for post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) in children. BALF samples from children with PIBO were analyzed using ELISA to quantify MMP-9, IL-8, … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 22:vkaf101. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf101. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Higher circulating SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers correlate with SARS-CoV-2 ex vivo viral neutralization, but how well this translates to clinical protection in the real-world setting is unclear. In a prospective cohort study, we enrolled 44 SARS-CoV-2 negative, confirmed SARS-CoV-2 close contacts. Receptor-binding domain (RBD) … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 22:vkaf086. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf086. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Memory T helper (Th) cells, generated in response to immunogenic challenges, are crucial in orchestrating adaptive immune responses. Acetylcholine (ACh), a key neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system, modulates immune function via muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs). This study investigates the role of mAChRs, … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 23:vkaf080. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf080. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Cancer immunotherapeutic CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) is an agonist for TLR9 and a potent inducer of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferon. Clinical trials of CpG ODNs highlight the urgent need for effective TLR9 agonist CpG ODNs in humans. Here, we developed a highly … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 21:vkaf092. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf092. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Influenza A(H3N2) viruses are currently evolving faster than any other subtype of seasonal influenza. As a result, vaccine efficacy can vary widely from one year to the next, and the wild-type antigens in the seasonal vaccine need to be updated frequently to stay … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 20:vkaf108. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf108. Online ahead of print. NO ABSTRACT PMID:40393776 | DOI:10.1093/jimmun/vkaf108

J Immunol. 2025 May 20:vkaf089. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf089. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Activation of the type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling pathway is crucial for protecting host cells against viral infections. IFN-I production requires the transcription factors IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and IRF7, and its regulation must be finely tuned to both combat infection effectively … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 17:vkaf099. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf099. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT We discovered a protective role of G protein-coupled receptor 3 (GPR3) in a mouse model of T cell-mediated autoimmune uveitis. GPR3 is an orphan receptor that maintains Gs-coupling and cyclic AMP production without an exogenous ligand. Consequently, GPR3 deficient (GPR3KO) mice were more … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 17:vkaf095. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf095. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a significant global health challenge, characterized by chronic liver inflammation and compromised antiviral immunity. The outcome of HBV infection and associated liver pathogenesis is influenced mainly by the host innate immune and inflammatory responses. Characterizing the mechanisms … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 17:vkaf105. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf105. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Immunological memory is a hallmark of the adaptive immune system. However, considerable evidence indicates that the natural killer (NK) cell subset of innate lymphoid cells also mediates specific memory responses to diverse antigens, including peptides. Even though the existence of NK cell memory … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 16:vkaf058. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf058. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) is an intracellular adaptor protein with diverse functions including regulation of autophagy of mitochondria-mitophagy. Tollip deficiency promotes viral infection, but whether mitophagy is involved remains unclear. We sought to determine if mitophagy and associated signaling such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 15:vkaf049. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf049. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Atopic dermatitis (AD) and alopecia areata are highly prevalent inflammatory skin/hair conditions. While previously not fully understood and limited in treatment options, AD is currently undergoing a therapeutic revolution. Our increased understanding of the underlying immunologic and barrier dysregulations and disease heterogeneity across … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 15:vkaf091. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf091. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) provide a structured environment to facilitate interactions between low frequency antigen-specific B and T cells as well as cognate antigen displayed by antigen presenting cells (APCs), resulting in the initiation of effective adaptive immune responses. The spleen is the … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 15:vkaf087. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf087. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex heterogeneous multiorgan disease that can have severe impact on individuals’ quality of life. Diagnosis of ME/CFS is based on symptom presentation, and a significant goal for the field is to establish meaningful subtypes. The heterogeneity … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 15:vkaf084. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf084. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Genetic modification of T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CAR, CAR-T cells) enable them to recognize the specific antigen on tumor surface and then eliminate the tumor. T lymphocyte ion channels such as Kv1.3, KCa3.1 and CRAC influence T cell activation and … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 14:vkaf076. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf076. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of respiratory tract infection in pediatric, elderly, and immunocompromised populations. Clearance of HMPV relies primarily on the destruction of infected cells by cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. However, signals provided by CD4+ helper T cells significantly impact … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 13:vkaf056. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf056. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Leprosy is a neglected chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae or M. lepromatosis, representing a public health concern in several low-income countries. In Brazil, most patients develop lepromatous leprosy, a clinical form characterized by poor bacillary control due to T helper 2 … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 13:vkaf064. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf064. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT A balanced IFN response, tightly regulated at multiple levels, is essential for host defense against viral infection. Tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) proteins are a large group of E3 ubiquitin ligases, and have been shown to be involved in the regulation of IFN response. However, … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 13:vkaf083. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf083. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT TCRγδ+ T cells are a major lymphocyte population of chickens, but their response or contribution to immunity against avian influenza virus (AIV) remains unknown. Here, we report an increase in the proportion and activation state of TCRγδ+CD8α+ T cells in the PBMCs of … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 12:vkaf113. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf113. Online ahead of print. NO ABSTRACT PMID:40356078 | DOI:10.1093/jimmun/vkaf113

J Immunol. 2025 May 12:vkaf078. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf078. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Alcohol use disorder increases sepsis mortality. Acute ethanol exposure impairs pathogen clearance in the macrophages via dampened glycolysis and phagocytosis, exaggerates oxidative stress, and regulates the function of the hypoxia-regulating factor 1α (HIF-1α), a master regulator of glycolysis. Decreased expression of the platelet … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 12:vkaf065. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf065. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Factor H controls proximal complement activation, and its dysfunction leads to diseases that often manifest in the kidney. Structural and functional analyses have identified 4 distinct functional segments: an N-terminal regulatory unit, a cell binding unit, a segment with combined low-affinity C3b and … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 9:vkaf055. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf055. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The current array of traditional antibacterial agents targeting Gram-negative infections are failing to meet the clinical need. Here we present a novel, bifunctional immunotherapy (CTX-09) with the ability to harness endogenous anti-galactose-alpha-1,3-galactosyl-beta-1,4-N-acetyl-glucosamine (anti-αGal) antibodies to drive immune-mediated clearance of Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 8:vkaf079. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf079. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The Phase 2 IMPRIME 1 study evaluated the combination of the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) Imprime with the immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) pembrolizumab as second or later line of treatment (2 L+) for patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC). Eligible patients with … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 7:vkaf088. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf088. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Pulmonary type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) exhibit immune memory, termed “trained immunity,” which enhances their activation following exposure to an independent protease-containing allergen. The role of prostaglandin I2 (PGI2), a cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway metabolite, in modulating these trained ILC2 responses remains unclear. … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 7:vkaf085. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf085. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are critical for managing autoimmunity such as multiple sclerosis (MS), yet concerns exist regarding their impact on viral infections. B-cell depletion (α-CD20) and IFN-β are 2 DMTs with seemingly opposing effects on viral infections. Pre-vaccine COVID-19 data linked B-cell depletion … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 7:vkaf082. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf082. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT A novel subset of classical major histocompatibility complex class I molecules has recently been identified in rhesus monkeys that mediates the presentation of N-myristoylated lipopeptides, rather than conventional peptides, to CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). For example, the rhesus Mamu-B*098 allomorph binds an … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 5:vkaf075. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf075. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT T cells undergo many metabolic changes throughout the different phases of their response in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. Cell metabolism meets demands for energy and biosynthesis, particularly during cell division and effector differentiation. As costimulatory receptors, CD28 and various TNF receptor (TNFR) family … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 May 2:vkaf062. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf062. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Expression of the BCR is essential for survival, development, and effector functions of B cells. Naive B cells express surface IgM and IgD, while surface IgG1 is expressed by class-switched (memory) B cells. Despite similar overall structures, the different BCR isotypes show differences … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Apr 30:vkaf043. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf043. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Immunostimulants can be highly effective anti-cancer therapeutics; however, their systemic use is often limited by adverse reactions (AEs). Formulating immunostimulants into nanoparticle systems can potentially alleviate these, but nanoparticle design is key. In previous studies, we encountered anti-nanoparticle reactions with systemically administered PEGylated … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Apr 30:vkaf066. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf066. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) is a naturally occurring pneumotropic coronavirus in the pig, providing a valuable large animal model to study acute respiratory disease. PRCV pathogenesis and the resulting immune response were investigated in pigs, the natural large animal host. We compared 2 … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Apr 28:vkaf070. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf070. Online ahead of print. NO ABSTRACT PMID:40294373 | DOI:10.1093/jimmun/vkaf070

J Immunol. 2025 Apr 25:vkaf028. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf028. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a vital and versatile component of innate immunity, which plays an essential role in host defense. In mammals, MBL performs multiple functions, including pattern recognition, complement activation, and phagocytosis. Previous studies revealed that OnMBL can promote the opsonophagocytosis of … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Apr 25:vkae058. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkae058. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The capacity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to establish long-term survival is attributed to its ability to subvert host defense mechanisms, especially macrophages. Although Mtb lipids are believed to play a role in this host-pathogen crosstalk, how mycobacterial lipids drive this complex interaction is … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Apr 25:vkaf074. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf074. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT T cell-independent type 2 antigens (TI-2 Ags), such as pneumococcal polysaccharides, elicit weak immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses and are refractive to boosting. Overcoming this challenge is critical for improving vaccines. Previously, we demonstrated a lipid-based adjuvant composed of monophosphoryl lipid A, synthetic cord … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Apr 25:vkaf057. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf057. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in children accounting for 7% of acute care visits and hospitalizations. In particular, neonates and infants have worse outcomes with HMPV infection. The neonatal immune system is regulated to favor anti-inflammatory … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Apr 24:vkaf068. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf068. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT We have designed the first antigen-less pro-vaccine, named 8206, for treating autoimmune diseases. Composed of dexamethasone, rapamycin, and R848 at a mass ratio of 8:20:6, 8206 is a complete tolerogenic adjuvant that acts systemically to form an active vaccine in situ with endogenous … Read more

J Immunol. 2025 Apr 23:vkaf063. doi: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf063. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is highly overexpressed on the surface of breast cancer cells, presenting an attractive target for therapeutic antibodies. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is a central mechanism underlying the antitumor activities of anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies. Here, we engineered … Read more