Nature Reviews Immunology

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  • Type I interferonopathy in ATR-X syndrome reveals a transcriptional role for cGAS
    by Rachel Geltman
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 28 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01275-5A preprint by El-Daher et al. describes an interferonopathy-associated mutation in the chromatin remodeller ATRX, which identifies an unexpecte…
  • Germinal centre IL-4 enforces tissue confinement of IgE memory
    by Leon Baronijan
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 27 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01274-6A preprint by Villazala-Merino et al. shows that allergen-specific memory B cells must re-enter germinal centres to differentiate into IgE-prod…
  • Beyond suppression: the paradox of JAK inhibitors as amplifiers of cancer immunotherapy
    by Jaroslav Zak
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 23 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01266-6JAK inhibitors are typically used to suppress the immune system but have also been shown to enhance antitumour and antiviral immune responses. …
  • How crosstalk at the immune synapse shapes T cell and dendritic cell biologys
    by Noa B. Martín-Cófreces
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 21 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01262-2In this Review, Martín-Cófreces, Calzada-Fraile and Sánchez-Madrid describe the bidirectional communication that occurs at immune synapses, foc…
  • How crosstalk at the immune synapse shapes T cell and dendritic cell biologys
    by Noa B. Martín-Cófreces
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 21 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01262-2In this Review, Martín-Cófreces, Calzada-Fraile and Sánchez-Madrid describe the bidirectional communication that occurs at immune synapses, foc…
  • Spreading inflammation via the skin–joint axis
    by Lucy Bird
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 19 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01272-8A new study shows that inflammation spreads from psoriatic skin to joint disease through the migration of skin myeloid precursors to the joints…
  • Segmented filamentous bacteria in the gut protect against secondary bacterial infections in the lung
    by Alexandra Flemming
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 16 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01271-9Respiratory viral infections can weaken the immune system and carry a risk of severe bacterial secondary infections. A research article in Scie…
  • RNA-binding proteins and ribonucleoproteins as determinants of immunity
    by Martin Turner
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 15 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01254-2RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) considerably expand the information content of the genome and can determine the lifespan, localization and function…
  • Ferroptotic tumour cells inhibit dendritic cell maturation through GPX4 release
    by Kirsty Minton
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 14 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01267-5A study by Liu et al. identifies GPX4 as an immunosuppressive mediator released by ferroptotic tumour cells that inhibits the antitumour response.
  • Albumin protects against deadly fungal infection
    by Yvonne Bordon
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 12 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01270-wSerum albumin binds and prevents the oxidation of free fatty acids, which then prevent the expression of virulence factors in Mucorales fungi.
  • Sensory neurons promote allergic sensitization and cross-sensitization via mTORC1
    by Frederika Rentzeperis
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 12 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01265-7A preprint by Zhu et al. shows that protease allergens induce neural hypersensitivity by activating mTORC1 signalling in sensory neurons.
  • Metabolites as signalling molecules in the tumour immune microenvironment
    by Youxiang Mao
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 12 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01258-yCertain metabolites in the tumour microenvironment signal between tumour cells and infiltrating immune cells. Here, the authors discuss how met…
  • T cell competition in multi-neoantigen cancer vaccines
    by Emery Hoos
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 09 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-026-01264-8A preprint by McCarron et al. investigates immunodominance hierarchies in response to cancer vaccines targeting neoantigens.
  • Inflame and restrain — the paradoxical roles of IL-12 and IL-23 in immunity
    by Lukas Rindlisbacher
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 09 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01255-1Here, Becher and colleagues examine the paradoxical roles of IL-12 and IL-23, two IL-12 family cytokines that drive type 1 and type 3 immune re…
  • Biochemical signals from the extracellular matrix in inflammation and tumour immunology
    by Lydia Sorokin
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 07 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01248-0This Review describes leukocyte migration through various types of extracellular matrix (ECM) during inflammation, as well as the changes to th…
  • Contextualizing T<sub>H</sub>17 cells in cancer
    by Declan Pang
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 06 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01250-6T helper 17 (TH17) cells can have both pro-tumour and antitumour effects. Understanding how they are regulated by environmental and regulatory …
  • Ubiquitination and autophagy in host–pathogen interactions: from immune surveillance to therapeutic targeting
    by João Mello-Vieira
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 05 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01239-1Ubiquitination tags proteins for proteasomal degradation but can also orchestrate the assembly of intracellular signalling platforms and direct…
  • The immunology of vitiligo
    by Mary Jo Turk
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 02 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01249-zThis Review from Turk and Huang discusses the immune processes involved in the development of vitiligo, an autoimmune disease in which melanocy…
  • Tumour lactate bars B cell entry
    by Sara Lamorte
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 02 January 2026; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01263-1A preprint by Boulat et al. reports that tumour-derived lactate blocks B cell migration from cancer-associated lymph nodes, preventing the form…
  • Publisher Correction: Fifty years of monoclonals: the past, present and future of antibody therapeutics
    by Andrew C. Chan
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 15 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01261-3Publisher Correction: Fifty years of monoclonals: the past, present and future of antibody therapeutics
  • Parental allergy and early life infection combine to promote asthma in childhood
    by Yvonne Bordon
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 09 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01257-zRespiratory infections in early life combine with genetic and maternal factors to drive asthma development in childhood.
  • NK cells limit antibody breadth
    by Lucy Bird
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 09 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01260-4Besides killing infected or transformed cells, interferon-activated natural killer cells can kill T follicular helper cells and may contribute…
  • Type I interferon at the crossroads of metastatic dissemination
    by Teresa Neuwirth
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 08 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01259-xA preprint by Breuer et al. reports that type I IFN signalling in tumour cells promotes lymph node metastasis but suppresses metastasis to dis…
  • Cluster-derived, tumour-reactive T cells from clinical samples
    by Kirsty Minton
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 02 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01256-0A study in Nature reports that heterotypic T cell clusters identifed in clinical samples of melanoma metastases are biologically relevant to t…
  • Local T<sub>reg</sub> cell loss reprogrammes systemic antitumour immunity without breaking tolerance
    by Mehdi Chaib
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 26 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01253-3A preprint by Bockman et al. reports a cDC2-CD4+ T cell axis that mediates local tumour control after ablation of intratumoral Treg cells, wit…
  • Somatic mutations in T cells promote antitumour response
    by Ezekiel Olumuyide
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 26 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01251-5A preprint by Zhijie et al. identifies somatic mutations in TYK2 that are enriched in tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and associated with an i…
  • Targeting autoreactive B cells in SLE with anti-9G4 synthetic immune receptor T cells
    by Meredith Ramba
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 26 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01252-4A preprint by Liu et al. shows proof-of-concept for a treatment for autoimmune diseases such as SLE using synthetic immune receptor T cells th…
  • Guidelines for T cell nomenclature
    by David Masopust
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 18 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01238-2This Consensus Statement clarifies the existing subset-based nomenclature for T cells. Furthermore, it proposes an alternative modular nomencl…
  • T cell nomenclature: from subsets to modules
    by David Masopust
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 18 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01246-2This poster provides an overview of the current subset-based nomenclature for T cells and a newly proposed modular nomenclature for T cells. I…
  • Butyrate promotes T cell ‘stemness’ to support immunity to melanoma
    by Yvonne Bordon
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 14 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01245-3Short-chain fatty acids generated by the gut microbiota can support T cell ‘stemness’ and lead to improved cancer immunotherapy outcomes.
  • Shaping neutrophil morphology and function: the importance of a segmented nucleus
    by Erinke van Grinsven
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 13 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01237-3In this Review, the authors consider a long-standing immunological conundrum — why do neutrophils have a segmented nucleus? They discuss the m…
  • Retroelements orchestrate gut tolerance
    by Laura Rosenberg
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 11 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01243-5A preprint by Rivera et al. explores how retroelement expression establishes a tolerogenic environment towards food antigens in the gut, shedd…
  • Single-cell proteomics sheds light on neutrophil diversity in glioblastoma
    by Aglaia Skolariki
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 11 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01241-7A preprint by Sadiku et al. characterizes neutrophil diversity in glioblastoma using a new workflow for single-cell proteomic profiling.
  • The OCR369 <i>cis</i>-regulatory element controls gut peacekeeping cells
    by Alisa Iakupova
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 11 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01247-1A preprint by Guo et al. reports a mechanism of transcriptional control of RORγt expression in intestinal antigen-presenting cells that are im…
  • Microbiota and vitamin A flux shape intestinal T cells
    by Shelley Herbrich
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 11 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01240-8A preprint by Srinivasan et al. describes the role of the gut microbiota and serum amyloid A in regulating retinoid flux that is important for…
  • How T cells handle lipids
    by Lucy Bird
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 06 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01242-6Lipid transport regulates activation of intestinal T helper 17 cells and thereby limits dietary fat absorption and diet-induced weight gain.
  • Hypoxia-induced epigenetic reprogramming of neutrophil progenitors
    by Kirsty Minton
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 05 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01244-4Sanchez-Garcia et al. report that systemic hypoxia-induced epigenetic reprogramming of neutrophil progenitors in the bone marrow reduces their…
  • Phagocytosis: a process that shapes immune responses to engulfed meals
    by Kai Li
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 31 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01231-9In this Review, Li and Underhill discuss recent advances in understanding the process of phagocytosis. The authors highlight how phagocytosis i…
  • Structural immunity: immune cells as architects of tissue barriers
    by Alaz Ozcan
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 28 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01230-wThis Perspective presents a framework of ‘structural immunity’ that positions immune cells as architects of tissue structure. Beyond their role…
  • Astroimmunology: the effects of spaceflight and its associated stressors on the immune system
    by Daniel A. Winer
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 16 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01226-6As more spaceflight missions plan to take humans back to the moon — and beyond — a key goal is to understand how spaceflight affects the immune…
  • Microenvironmental regulation of solid tumour resistance to CAR T cell therapy
    by Zachary L. Lamplugh
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 14 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01229-3The tumour microenvironment (TME) poses a significant obstacle to the success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapy in solid …
  • Targeting organelle function in T cells for cancer immunotherapy
    by Jeremy G. Baldwin
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 09 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01223-9In this Review, the authors discuss the latest advances in our understanding of organelle biology in T cell-mediated antitumour immunity and ho…
  • Autoimmune T cells identified in ALS
    by Yvonne Bordon
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 08 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01233-7Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is associated with CD4+ T cells that are specific for the C9orf72 autoantigen and preferentially produce IL-4, IL…
  • <i>Enterobacteriaceae-</i>derived cadaverine manipulates gut macrophage metabolism
    by Alexandra Flemming
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 07 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01234-6Depending on context and concentration, the polyamine cadaverine can promote pro- or anti-inflammatory macrophage polarizations.
  • Proteotoxic shock is a mechanistic driver of T cell exhaustion
    by Alexandra Flemming
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 07 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01236-4A proteotoxic stress response specific to exhausted T cells represents a target for cancer immunotherapy.
  • ILC2–neuron cross-talk regulates pain sensitivity and gait
    by Alexandra Flemming
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 07 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01235-5Group 2 innate lymphoid cells are crucial for maintaining nerve structure and pain thresholds.
  • The promise of immunotherapy for central nervous system tumours
    by Jasia Mahdi
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 06 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01227-5This Review explains how an improved understanding of immune and nervous system interactions in the central nervous system (CNS) has guided the…
  • Skin T<sub>reg</sub> cells set the tone for neuronal activation
    by Kirsty Minton
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 03 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01232-8A study in Science Immunology reports that regulatory T cells in the skin modulate neuronal tone directly through their production of the opioi…
  • Regulators of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell exhaustion
    by Qinli Sun
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 01 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01221-xHere, Sun and Dong describe the many signals from stimulatory and inhibitory molecules as well as by microenvironmental factors, such as cytoki…
  • Clearing the hurdles for CAR-T cell treatment
    by Rayne H. Rouce
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 22 September 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01228-4Many patients with cancer who could potentially benefit from treatment with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells do not have access to thi…
  • Lessons from neoadjuvant immunotherapy in melanoma: understanding antitumour immunity and tumour escape
    by Francesca Fallarino
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 22 September 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01222-wNeoadjuvant (chemo)immunotherapy has become a new standard-of-care option for patients with cancer. This Perspective discusses the lessons le…
  • Targets of protective immunity and opportunities in hepatitis C virus vaccine development
    by Seung Bum Park
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 12 September 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01215-9Despite the advances in hepatitis C treatment, a prophylactic vaccine is still not available and will be needed to control and eliminate hepa…
  • Immune-related actinopathies at the cross-road of immunodeficiency, autoimmunity and autoinflammation
    by Loïc Dupré
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 10 September 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01214-wThe actin cytoskeleton is essential for immune cell shape, signalling and function. In this Review, the authors examine how germ-line mutatio…
  • Metabolic control of innate-like T cells
    by Thomas Riffelmacher
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 08 September 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01219-5Functional and metabolic properties of innate-like T cells — namely, iNKT cells, MAIT cells and some γδ T cells — differ from those of conven…
  • Targeting MHC-E as a new strategy for vaccines and immunotherapeutics
    by Klaus Früh
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 03 September 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01218-6The dual nature of non-polymorphic MHC-E as a ligand for innate receptors and as an antigen-presenting protein raises the possibility of new,…
  • Regulatory KIR<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in pregnancy
    by Yvonne Bordon
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 01 September 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01225-7Populations of regulatory KIR+CD8+ T cells expand during pregnancy and can promote maternal tolerance to the developing fetus.
  • B cell trailblazers connect EBV to MS
    by Lucy Bird
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 01 September 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01224-8B cells that expand following infection with EBV can colonize the brain, where they recruit activated T cells that have potential to cause ne…
  • Clock genes keep intestinal ILC3s ticking
    by Kirsty Minton
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 29 August 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01220-yA study by Bhattarai et al. in Nature Immunology reports that ILC3-to-ILC1 plasticity in the gut is regulated by circadian clock proteins.
  • Linking tumour angiogenesis and tumour immunity
    by Ashraf Ul Kabir
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 14 August 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01211-zTumour-associated blood vessels are abnormal in structure and function, and this can limit immune cell infiltration into tumours and contribute …
  • Defects in antigen processing and presentation: mechanisms, immune evasion and implications for cancer vaccine development
    by Florian Huber
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 08 August 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01208-8Effective tumour-specific T cell immunity — and the success of cancer immunotherapies — relies on the presentation of antigens via human leukocy…
  • Fifty years of monoclonals: the past, present and future of antibody therapeutics
    by Andrew C. Chan
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 07 August 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01207-9Fifty years ago, Köhler and Milstein introduced the world to hybridoma technology for the generation of monoclonal antibodies. Scientists have s…
  • Manipulation of the nucleotide pool in human, bacterial and plant immunity
    by Dina Hochhauser
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 29 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01206-wModification of the nucleotide pool is emerging as key to innate immunity in animals, plants and bacteria. This Review explains how immune pathway…
  • Exercise induces metabolic changes in the gut microbiota that enhance anti-tumour T cell responses
    by Yvonne Bordon
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 28 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01217-7Exercise promotes changes in the gut microbiota that enhance anti-tumour T cell responses.
  • How stem cells respond to infection, inflammation and ageing
    by Enzo Z. Poirier
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 24 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01203-zThis Review by Poirier highlights the intrinsic mechanisms that protect stem cells from infection. The author also explains how stem cell populati…
  • Live vaccine development through targeted protein degradation
    by Qisi Zhang
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 24 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01212-yIn this Tools of the Trade article, Qisi Zhang and Longlong Si describe a method for generating live attenuated vaccines that involves targeting v…
  • Mitochondrial proteins go public and novel interactions: insights from surfaceome mapping
    by Adam J. Grippin
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 23 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01216-8A recent preprint by Floyd et al. presents the most comprehensive mapping to date of the human lymphocyte ‘surfaceome’.
  • Uterine inflammation and lessons from large animal models of endometritis
    by Deborah M. Nash
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 22 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01200-2Endometritis can cause infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss and is an important medical and veterinary issue. Here, Nash and Giles provide an …
  • BRD4 acts as a pH sensor to tune inflammation
    by Siu Ling Tai
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 17 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01213-xA preprint by Wu et al. identifies BRD4 as a sensor of pH, with notable implications for the regulation of inflammatory genes.
  • Connection and communication between the nervous and immune systems
    by Alexander Leunig
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 10 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01199-6Here, Swirski and colleagues explore how the nervous and immune systems connect and collaborate to respond to internal and external stimuli. In pa…
  • BCG plus β-glucan trains neutrophils to beat bladder cancer
    by Lucy Bird
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 07 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01209-7The antitumoural effects of BCG can be vastly improved by combining it with β-glucan. The combination therapy enhances granulopoiesis and trains n…
  • Spatial immunometabolic zonation in tuberculosis granulomas
    by Amitava Sinha
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 07 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01210-0A preprint by McCaffrey and Delmastro et al. delineates distinct immunometabolic zones of tuberculosis granulomas and reports that hypoxia is a ke…
  • Tumour cells mimic erythroblasts to hijack iron from bone marrow macrophages
    by Mehdi Chaib
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 01 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01204-yA preprint by Han et al. reports that tumour cells acquire iron in the bone marrow through phenotypic mimicry of erythroblasts, which promotes met…
  • Fatty liver disease induced by maternal obesity is driven by metabolic rewiring of Kupffer cells
    by Yvonne Bordon
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 30 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01205-xMaternal obesity during pregnancy promotes a form of fatty liver disease in offspring that is dependent on HIF1α-mediated rewiring of Kupffer cell…
  • Tumour-associated vasculature in T cell homing and immunity: opportunities for cancer therapy
    by Evripidis Lanitis
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 27 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01187-wThe vasculature that forms in tumours and supports tumour growth is abnormal and limits T cell entry into tumours. Here, the authors review how th…
  • Food allergy: begin at the skin, end at the mast cell?
    by Nicholas W. Lukacs
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 26 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01185-yIn this Review the authors explain how different routes of exposure to food antigens can contribute to the development of food allergies. They dis…
  • Insulin neoantigen elicits memory T cell activation in diabetes
    by Boyan K. Tsankov
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 25 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01202-0A preprint by Srivastava et al. reports that C19S modification of insulin, which occurs in response to a stressed microenvironment, promotes pro-i…
  • Gut microbiota-specific T cells induce neuroinflammation through molecular mimicry
    by Kirsty Minton
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 24 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01201-1White et al. show that microbiota-specific T cells are licensed by gut inflammation to infiltrate the central nervous system, where cross-reactivi…
  • Innate immune responses to pathogens at the maternal–fetal interface
    by Yael Alippe
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 18 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01191-0During pregnancy, innate immune mechanisms at the maternal–fetal interface are important for protecting the developing fetus from pathogens. Howev…
  • Iron and the immune system
    by Joe N. Frost
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 16 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01193-yIron is crucial for cellular metabolism, but its availability varies greatly within and between individuals and populations. This Review highlight…
  • Finding and filling the knowledge gaps in mechanisms of T cell-mediated TB immunity to inform vaccine design
    by Emma Lefrançais
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 13 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01192-zT cells have an essential role in immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but the mechanisms by which they may provide protective immunity…
  • A role for microglia in mediating the microbiota–gut–brain axis
    by Lily Keane
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 12 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01188-9This Perspective explores how the gut microbiota influences the function and heterogeneity of microglia, highlighting their roles in neurological …
  • Uncovering the hidden landscape of tumour antigens
    by Benjamin R. Schrank
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 12 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01198-7A preprint by Li et al. presents a comprehensive pan-cancer atlas of tumour-specific peptides that markedly expands the known tumour antigen reper…
  • Gut ILC2s remember IL-25
    by Brian Y. Soong
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 12 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01197-8A preprint by Cortez et al. explores how IL-25 produced in response to helminth infection in mice rewires intestinal ILC2s to retain a ‘memory’ of…
  • The spatial and temporal activation of macrophages during fibrosis
    by Jacques Behmoaras
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 04 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01186-xMacrophages are crucial regulators of fibrosis. Here the authors describe how distinct subsets of monocytes and macrophages cooperate with fibrobl…
  • Fetal T<sub>reg</sub> cell reprogramming links maternal immunity to neurodevelopment
    by Mahdieh Golzari-Sorkheh
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 02 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01194-xA preprint by Ellul et al. reports that maternal immune activation of mice imprints regulatory T cell dysfunction in offsping that drives autism-l…
  • Granzyme B from maternal NK cells perturbs fetal brain development
    by Lucy Bird
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 30 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01196-9A study describes how maternal immune activation can lead to neurodevelopmental deficits in offspring, through a mechanism involving granzyme B rel…
  • RORγt<sup>+</sup> antigen-presenting cells mediate food tolerance
    by Kirsty Minton
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 29 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01195-wFive recent papers identify the RORγt+ antigen-presenting cells that induce food-antigen-specific regulatory T cells and establish food tolerance.
  • Inhibitory pattern recognition receptors: lessons from LAIR1
    by M. Inês Pascoal Ramos
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 27 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01181-2Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are typically associated with innate immune activation, but there is an emerging subset of inhibitory pattern …
  • Can we improve immune health by restoring microbial biodiversity?
    by Aki Sinkkonen
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 27 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01190-1Diverse microbial exposures in early life reduce the risk of inflammatory conditions, including allergies and autoimmunity. Emerging data suggest t…
  • Releasing the brakes on phagosomes
    by John Benjamin W. Duncan
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 21 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01189-8A preprint by Cheng et al. identifies the proton-activated chloride channel PAC as a negative regulator of phagosomal acidification in macrophages.
  • In vivo CAR engineering for immunotherapy
    by Yan-Ruide Li
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 16 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01174-1In vivo chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineering has emerged as a promising off-the-shelf therapeutic approach for hard-to-treat diseases such a…
  • Beyond the lab: trust, storytelling and the fight for America’s attention
    by Aaron F. Mertz
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 07 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01184-zShruti Naik, an immunologist and a strong advocate for diversity in science, has joined forces with Aaron Mertz, who leads programmes that help to …
  • CD45-PET imaging gives a panoramic view of in vivo immune activity
    by Sina Djafari Rouhani
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 06 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01183-0In this Tools of the Trade article, Sina Djafari Rouhani and Mohammad Rashidian describe CD45-PET for whole-body imaging of immune activity and dyn…
  • Progenitor exhausted T cells contribute to the formation of immunological memory
    by Annette Wu
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 06 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01182-1A preprint by Raposo et al. shows that immune checkpoint blockade drives the expansion of certain clones of exhausted T cells that can develop into…
  • Redefining CNS immune privilege
    by Leon C. D. Smyth
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 02 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01175-0In this Perspective, Smyth and Kipnis reappraise the concept of immune privilege in the central nervous system. Although immune privilege was origi…
  • Mechanoregulation of lymphocyte cytotoxicity
    by Morgan Huse
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 01 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01173-2Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells destroy target cells using a mechanically active cytolytic immune synapse. This Review examines th…
  • Cytokines target distinct brain areas to modulate behavioural responses
    by Yvonne Bordon
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 29 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01179-wTwo new studies describe populations of neurons in distinct brain regions that respond to IL-17 family cytokines and IL-10 to regulate social and…
  • Transposable elements as instructors of the immune system
    by Lisa Schmidleithner
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 29 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01172-3In this Perspective, Feuerer and colleagues consider how transposable elements (TEs) — which are mobile nucleic acid sequences in the genome — ca…
  • Microglia in the periphery
    by Lucy Bird
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 28 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01180-3Microglia are not confined to the central nervous system but are also present in the periphery, wrapped around large neuronal somas of humans and…
  • Vaccination in pregnancy to protect the newborn
    by Victoria Male
    Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 23 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01162-5In this Review, Male and Jones provide an overview of the current vaccines that are offered during pregnancy and to newborns, explaining the rati…
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