Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 28 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01230-wThis Perspective presents a framework of ‘structural immunity’ that positions immune cells as architects of tissue structure. Beyond their role…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 16 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01226-6As more spaceflight missions plan to take humans back to the moon — and beyond — a key goal is to understand how spaceflight affects the immune…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 14 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01229-3The tumour microenvironment (TME) poses a significant obstacle to the success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapy in solid …
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 09 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01223-9In this Review, the authors discuss the latest advances in our understanding of organelle biology in T cell-mediated antitumour immunity and ho…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 08 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01233-7Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is associated with CD4+ T cells that are specific for the C9orf72 autoantigen and preferentially produce IL-4, IL…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 07 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01234-6Depending on context and concentration, the polyamine cadaverine can promote pro- or anti-inflammatory macrophage polarizations.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 07 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01236-4A proteotoxic stress response specific to exhausted T cells represents a target for cancer immunotherapy.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 07 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01235-5Group 2 innate lymphoid cells are crucial for maintaining nerve structure and pain thresholds.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 06 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01227-5This Review explains how an improved understanding of immune and nervous system interactions in the central nervous system (CNS) has guided the…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 03 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01232-8A study in Science Immunology reports that regulatory T cells in the skin modulate neuronal tone directly through their production of the opioi…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 01 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01221-xHere, Sun and Dong describe the many signals from stimulatory and inhibitory molecules as well as by microenvironmental factors, such as cytoki…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 22 September 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01228-4Many patients with cancer who could potentially benefit from treatment with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells do not have access to thi…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 22 September 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01222-wNeoadjuvant (chemo)immunotherapy has become a new standard-of-care option for patients with cancer. This Perspective discusses the lessons le…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 12 September 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01215-9Despite the advances in hepatitis C treatment, a prophylactic vaccine is still not available and will be needed to control and eliminate hepa…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 10 September 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01214-wThe actin cytoskeleton is essential for immune cell shape, signalling and function. In this Review, the authors examine how germ-line mutatio…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 08 September 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01219-5Functional and metabolic properties of innate-like T cells — namely, iNKT cells, MAIT cells and some γδ T cells — differ from those of conven…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 03 September 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01218-6The dual nature of non-polymorphic MHC-E as a ligand for innate receptors and as an antigen-presenting protein raises the possibility of new,…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 01 September 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01225-7Populations of regulatory KIR+CD8+ T cells expand during pregnancy and can promote maternal tolerance to the developing fetus.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 01 September 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01224-8B cells that expand following infection with EBV can colonize the brain, where they recruit activated T cells that have potential to cause ne…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 29 August 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01220-yA study by Bhattarai et al. in Nature Immunology reports that ILC3-to-ILC1 plasticity in the gut is regulated by circadian clock proteins.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 14 August 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01211-zTumour-associated blood vessels are abnormal in structure and function, and this can limit immune cell infiltration into tumours and contribute …
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 08 August 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01208-8Effective tumour-specific T cell immunity — and the success of cancer immunotherapies — relies on the presentation of antigens via human leukocy…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 07 August 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01207-9Fifty years ago, Köhler and Milstein introduced the world to hybridoma technology for the generation of monoclonal antibodies. Scientists have s…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 29 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01206-wModification of the nucleotide pool is emerging as key to innate immunity in animals, plants and bacteria. This Review explains how immune pathway…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 28 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01217-7Exercise promotes changes in the gut microbiota that enhance anti-tumour T cell responses.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 24 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01203-zThis Review by Poirier highlights the intrinsic mechanisms that protect stem cells from infection. The author also explains how stem cell populati…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 24 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01212-yIn this Tools of the Trade article, Qisi Zhang and Longlong Si describe a method for generating live attenuated vaccines that involves targeting v…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 23 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01216-8A recent preprint by Floyd et al. presents the most comprehensive mapping to date of the human lymphocyte ‘surfaceome’.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 22 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01200-2Endometritis can cause infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss and is an important medical and veterinary issue. Here, Nash and Giles provide an …
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 17 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01213-xA preprint by Wu et al. identifies BRD4 as a sensor of pH, with notable implications for the regulation of inflammatory genes.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 10 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01199-6Here, Swirski and colleagues explore how the nervous and immune systems connect and collaborate to respond to internal and external stimuli. In pa…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 07 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01209-7The antitumoural effects of BCG can be vastly improved by combining it with β-glucan. The combination therapy enhances granulopoiesis and trains n…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 07 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01210-0A preprint by McCaffrey and Delmastro et al. delineates distinct immunometabolic zones of tuberculosis granulomas and reports that hypoxia is a ke…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 01 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01204-yA preprint by Han et al. reports that tumour cells acquire iron in the bone marrow through phenotypic mimicry of erythroblasts, which promotes met…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 30 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01205-xMaternal obesity during pregnancy promotes a form of fatty liver disease in offspring that is dependent on HIF1α-mediated rewiring of Kupffer cell…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 27 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01187-wThe vasculature that forms in tumours and supports tumour growth is abnormal and limits T cell entry into tumours. Here, the authors review how th…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 26 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01185-yIn this Review the authors explain how different routes of exposure to food antigens can contribute to the development of food allergies. They dis…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 25 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01202-0A preprint by Srivastava et al. reports that C19S modification of insulin, which occurs in response to a stressed microenvironment, promotes pro-i…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 24 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01201-1White et al. show that microbiota-specific T cells are licensed by gut inflammation to infiltrate the central nervous system, where cross-reactivi…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 18 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01191-0During pregnancy, innate immune mechanisms at the maternal–fetal interface are important for protecting the developing fetus from pathogens. Howev…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 16 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01193-yIron is crucial for cellular metabolism, but its availability varies greatly within and between individuals and populations. This Review highlight…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 13 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01192-zT cells have an essential role in immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but the mechanisms by which they may provide protective immunity…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 12 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01188-9This Perspective explores how the gut microbiota influences the function and heterogeneity of microglia, highlighting their roles in neurological …
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 12 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01198-7A preprint by Li et al. presents a comprehensive pan-cancer atlas of tumour-specific peptides that markedly expands the known tumour antigen reper…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 12 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01197-8A preprint by Cortez et al. explores how IL-25 produced in response to helminth infection in mice rewires intestinal ILC2s to retain a ‘memory’ of…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 04 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01186-xMacrophages are crucial regulators of fibrosis. Here the authors describe how distinct subsets of monocytes and macrophages cooperate with fibrobl…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 02 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01194-xA preprint by Ellul et al. reports that maternal immune activation of mice imprints regulatory T cell dysfunction in offsping that drives autism-l…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 30 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01196-9A study describes how maternal immune activation can lead to neurodevelopmental deficits in offspring, through a mechanism involving granzyme B rel…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 29 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01195-wFive recent papers identify the RORγt+ antigen-presenting cells that induce food-antigen-specific regulatory T cells and establish food tolerance.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 27 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01181-2Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are typically associated with innate immune activation, but there is an emerging subset of inhibitory pattern …
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 27 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01190-1Diverse microbial exposures in early life reduce the risk of inflammatory conditions, including allergies and autoimmunity. Emerging data suggest t…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 21 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01189-8A preprint by Cheng et al. identifies the proton-activated chloride channel PAC as a negative regulator of phagosomal acidification in macrophages.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 16 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01174-1In vivo chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineering has emerged as a promising off-the-shelf therapeutic approach for hard-to-treat diseases such a…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 07 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01184-zShruti Naik, an immunologist and a strong advocate for diversity in science, has joined forces with Aaron Mertz, who leads programmes that help to …
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 06 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01183-0In this Tools of the Trade article, Sina Djafari Rouhani and Mohammad Rashidian describe CD45-PET for whole-body imaging of immune activity and dyn…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 06 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01182-1A preprint by Raposo et al. shows that immune checkpoint blockade drives the expansion of certain clones of exhausted T cells that can develop into…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 02 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01175-0In this Perspective, Smyth and Kipnis reappraise the concept of immune privilege in the central nervous system. Although immune privilege was origi…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 01 May 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01173-2Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells destroy target cells using a mechanically active cytolytic immune synapse. This Review examines th…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 29 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01179-wTwo new studies describe populations of neurons in distinct brain regions that respond to IL-17 family cytokines and IL-10 to regulate social and…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 29 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01172-3In this Perspective, Feuerer and colleagues consider how transposable elements (TEs) — which are mobile nucleic acid sequences in the genome — ca…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 28 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01180-3Microglia are not confined to the central nervous system but are also present in the periphery, wrapped around large neuronal somas of humans and…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 23 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01162-5In this Review, Male and Jones provide an overview of the current vaccines that are offered during pregnancy and to newborns, explaining the rati…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 23 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01176-zA prospective observational study of human immune responses to vaccination after early-life antibiotic exposure shows that neonatal exposure redu…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 23 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01178-xA preprint by Buj et al. reports that Cdkn2alow tumour cells upregulate plasma membrane expression of the zinc importer SLC39A9, which deprives m…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 23 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01177-yA preprint by Martins, Blankehaus et al. highlights an important role for monocyte-derived macrophages in iron homeostasis and its control of sys…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 17 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01167-0In this Review, Tse-Kang, Wani and Pukkila-Worley discuss how nematodes, such as Caenorhabditis elegans, rely on ‘patterns of pathogenesis’ as op…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 16 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01159-0In this Review, Kato and Kita discuss the complex interactions between airway epithelial cells and immune cells that contribute to the developmen…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 11 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01161-6Beyond exhaustion, CD8+ T cells can adopt various dysfunctional states, including tolerant, anergic, senescent, ignorant and dying states, that c…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 09 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01170-5Neutrophils not only kill invading microorganisms but also help to prevent their entry into tissues in the first place.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 09 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01166-1US spending in biomedicine has driven pre-eminence in academia, Nobel prizes, scientific training discovery, translation and healthcare. The asso…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 08 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01171-4A study shows that transient blockade of type I interferon signalling during T cell priming enhances the generation of stem cell-like memory CD8+…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 04 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01169-yNelson et al. report that lung-resident IgG1+ memory B cells class-switch to IgE to mediate airway hypersensitivity in asthma.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 01 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01149-2Regulatory T (Treg) cells have an important role in the maintenance of immune tolerance and continuously circulate in the body. During this migra…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 01 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01168-zIn this Tools of the Trade article, Sofia Bustamante Eguiguren (from the Dushek and van der Merwe labs) describes CombiCells, which can be custom…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 28 March 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01164-3A preprint by Dolci et al. reports that tumour-associated macrophages secrete SPP1 to drive neurite outgrowth, promoting tumour innervation and s…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 28 March 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01163-4A preprint by Liu et al. shows that resident tissue macrophages in the conventional outflow tract regulate intraocular pressure in the steady state.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 27 March 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01165-2A preprint by Farias et al. shows that the type I interferon response to respiratory syncytial virus infection reduces lung metastasis of breast …
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 20 March 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01150-9Immunoglobulins sample vast swathes of primary sequence and conformational space to generate and select B cell clones with exquisite selectivity …
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 19 March 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01155-4In this Review, the authors explain how post-translational protein modification by the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) family is emerging as…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 17 March 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01160-7Drugs like aspirin can enhance the anti-metastatic activity of T cells by blocking a platelet-mediated pathway of suppression.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 05 March 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01157-2A preprint by Eislmayr et al. shows that macrophages rather than neutrophils are a key factor in controlling Shigella infection.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 05 March 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01156-3A preprint by Laubreton et al. suggests a role for agonist selection and cytokine-driven bystander activation in the differentiation and recruitm…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 05 March 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01142-9This Progress article describes recent studies showing that the human lipopolysaccharide sensor caspase-4 activates pro-IL-18 and causes vascular…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 05 March 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01141-wNew immunotherapies have the potential to mediate a sustained remission from certain autoimmune diseases. This has been referred to as achieving …
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 05 March 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01153-6In this Tools of the Trade article, Takamasa Kudo (in the Aviv Regev lab, in collaboration with Eric Lubeck) describes how PerturbView enables ro…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 04 March 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01158-1Recent studies in mouse models of viral infection showed that precursors of terminally exhausted T cells emerge early during the course of diseas…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 04 March 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01152-7In this Tools of the Trade article, Sarah Al Abdullatif describes a method to measure — in a physiological context — mechanical forces transmitte…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 03 March 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01154-5A preprint by Mroz et al. reports a role for IFNgamma in protecting against seizures after traumatic brain injury.
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 25 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01151-8Hsu et al. report in Cell that the release of complement-inhibiting vesicles by neutrophils as they age is a self-resolving, anti-inflammatory…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 14 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01148-3A study in Science Immunology shows that meningeal regulatory T (Treg) cells limit the activation, proliferation and parenchymal infiltration …
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 13 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01136-7HIV infection persists under antiretroviral therapy due to a reservoir of latently infected cells. This Perspective discusses how host immune …
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 12 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01144-7Loss of a conserved cis-regulatory element at HDAC9 increases NLRP3 inflammasome activation and may explain why HDAC9 is a major risk locus fo…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 07 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01143-8To evade elimination by T cells, tumour cells transfer mutant mitochondria to T cells, which reprogrammes their metabolism and compromises the…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 05 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01137-6B cells are major drivers of systemic immunity, but they also act locally in non-lymphoid organs. This Review highlights new insights into mec…
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 03 February 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01135-8Inclusion of ACKR5 in the systematic nomenclature of atypical chemokine receptors
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 31 January 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01132-xBesides its beneficial effects against infection, trained immunity has recently been implicated in inflammation-related disorders and is being …
Nature Reviews Immunology, Published online: 31 January 2025; doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01140-xA preprint by Makris et al. shows that podoplanin is a key regulator of the functions of fibroblastic reticular cells in lymph nodes, by modula…
