J Clin Immunol. 2025 Nov 26. doi: 10.1007/s10875-025-01961-4. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease primarily affecting the axial skeleton. Despite significant advances, its pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear, posing challenges to early diagnosis and effective treatment. This study aims to elucidate the pathogenic pathways of AS and explore potential therapeutic strategies.

METHODS: Blood routine test results from AS and non-AS patients were collected, and t-tests and logistic regression analyses were performed on blood cell count parameters. Key findings from the blood tests were validated using GEO transcriptomic datasets. Single-cell data from GEO were then used to conduct in-depth analyses of immune cell subsets and their functions. To validate findings, single-cell sequencing was performed on bone marrow samples collected from AS and fracture control patients, followed by pathway analysis through GSEA. Finally, upstream regulatory mechanisms and potential therapeutic agents were investigated.

RESULTS: This study identified a classical monocyte-macrophage-inflammatory macrophage differentiation trajectory in AS, demonstrating that monocytes/macrophages play a critical role in AS pathogenesis via the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, primarily mediated by NLRP3. Several regulatory factors, including hsa-miR-3682-3p, AR, IRF4, MYB, RUNX1, and TAL1, were found to modulate NLRP3 expression. Additionally, various chemical compounds, anticancer drugs, and cinnamaldehyde were identified as potential therapeutic agents targeting NLRP3.

CONCLUSION: In AS, the classical monocyte-macrophage-inflammatory macrophage differentiation pathway is enhanced, with monocyte/macrophage-derived NLRP3 driving disease progression via the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway. Regulatory factors and potential therapeutic agents targeting NLRP3 were identified, offering new insights into AS pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies.

PMID:41291215 | DOI:10.1007/s10875-025-01961-4