Background
Neural crest-associated genes play pivotal roles in tumor initiation, progression, and the intricate dynamics of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) within the TME are important in dampening T cell acti…
Background
Cancers persist despite expression of immunogenic neoantigens and ongoing antitumor immune responses. While some occult tumors likely are cleared by effective antitumor immune responses, the targeted antigens are not easily identifiable as …
Background
Natural killer (NK) cells exhibit potent cytotoxic activity against various cancer cell types. Over the past five decades, numerous methodologies have been employed to elucidate the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying NK cell-mediated…
Background
The immunotherapy targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) has achieved significant breakthroughs, but further improvements are still needed in cancer treatment.
Methods
We i…
Background
Impairment of Akt signaling has been observed in antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) during chronic viral infections or tumor progression. Despite numerous studies emphasizing Akt’s role in driving CTL effector functions, …
Background
The prototypical type I natural killer T (NKT) cell agonist, α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), has shown only minimal effects against solid tumors in the clinic. The most promising clinical application of α-GalCer currently…
Background
CXCR1/2 inhibitors are being implemented with immunotherapies in PDAC clinical trials. CXC-ligands are a family of cytokines responsible for stimulating these receptors; while typically secreted by activated immune cells, fibroblasts, and e…
Background
Breast cancer (BC) continues to be a major health concern with 250,000 new cases diagnosed annually in the USA, 75% of which are hormone receptor positive (HR+), expressing estrogen receptor alpha (ER) and/or the progesterone receptor (PR)….
Background
The emergence of immunotherapy has revolutionized the paradigm of cancer treatment with immune checkpoint blockades (ICB) in solid cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, only a small subset of CRC patients harboring deficient …
Background
Adenosine accumulated in the tumor microenvironment functions as an immune-modulating factor, exerting immunosuppressive actions via adenosine A2A/A2B receptor (A2AR/A2BR) in various immune cell types. CD73, a key enzymatic regulator respon…
