Mucosal Immunol. 2026 Jan 30:S1933-0219(26)00011-5. doi: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.01.011. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
A finely tuned immune regulation within the epididymis and testis is essential for male reproductive health. This balance is especially critical in the epididymis, where sperm mature and ascending infections frequently disrupt homeostasis, resulting in regionally different immune responses and potential long-term fertility impairments. We previously demonstrated that the epididymis harbors a region-specific immunological scaffold, with CX3CR1+ macrophages as the most prominent epithelium-associated immune cell population. Here, we established a transgenic mouse model to selectively deplete these intraepithelial CX3CR1+ macrophages within the epididymis, resulting in focal epithelial damage and impaired sperm maturation processes essential for proper sperm functionality. Additionally, a mild reduction of the testicular macrophage pool resulted in transient disruptions in spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. Although the macrophage niche was repopulated after depletion, the newly recruited cells displayed altered phenotypes consistent with persistent sperm alterations. Following infection with uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) macrophage-depleted mice exhibited exacerbated immune responses – particularly in normally protected proximal epididymal regions – with earlier onset and more severe tissue damage. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a failure to restrain inflammatory responses, especially in genes involved in immune regulation and antibacterial defense, accompanied by elevated immune cell infiltration in infected macrophage-depleted mice. Overall, our findings confirm a crucial role for CX3CR1+ macrophages in preserving epithelial integrity and modulating immune responses, supporting a stable tissue environment necessary for efficient organ function of both epididymis and testis.
PMID:41621662 | DOI:10.1016/j.mucimm.2026.01.011