Semin Immunol. 2025 May 9;78:101964. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2025.101964. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
Vaccines induce quantitively and qualitatively different effector responses between populations but also between individuals within populations. Several factors are known to affect the success of vaccination, including age, gender, co-infections (e.g. HIV), pre-existing inflammatory status and co-morbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These factors, either alone or in combination, strongly influence vaccine induced immunity and thereby possibly vaccine efficacy. Vaccination strategies should therefore not only be evaluated in young, healthy selected individuals but also in individuals with immune ageing, persisting inflammation and co-morbidities, and include the measurement of qualitative rather than only quantitative measures of vaccine effects.
PMID:40347921 | DOI:10.1016/j.smim.2025.101964