Monocyte-derived Galectin-9 and PD-L1 differentially impair adaptive and innate immune response in chronic HBV infection and their expression remain unaltered after antiviral therapy
IntroductionPatients with chronic HBV infection (CHI) exhibit defective anti-viral immune-response whose underlying causes still remain unclear. Monocytes act as immune sentinels for pathogens and can regulate immunity via interaction with other immune…