European Journal of Immunology

mRNA vaccination triggers an early, transient wave of altered transcript isoform usage peaking at 24 h and resolving by Day 14, affecting genes involved in innate immunity. Confirmed by long-read sequencing and reproduced across influenza, Ebola, and MVA-based vaccine cohorts, these results highlight a previously underappreciated feature of vaccine-induced transcriptional regulation. ABSTRACT Vaccine-induced transcriptional responses have … Read more

Our cover features images related to flow cytometry techniques widely used for analysis of function and phenotypes of major human and murine immune cell subsets, superimposed on a multidimensional immune cell population scatter plot. These images are taken from the third edition of EJI’s Flow Cytometry Guidelines by Cossarizza et al., a comprehensive resource prepared … Read more

European Journal of Immunology, Volume 56, Issue 9, September 2026.

Staphylococcus aureus skin infection generates long-lived tissue-resident memory T cells that provide enhanced local recall responses to reinfection, leading to improved bacterial clearance. Skin Trm could therefore be a potential correlate of protective immunity and targeted in future vaccine development. ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), yet … Read more

Household members of SARS-CoV-2 positive index persons donated a serum sample (t = 0). Within 14 days, the household members reported if COVID-19-like symptoms appeared and returned after 2 weeks to be retested. Serum responses were comprehensively measured and elevated variant-specific IgA1 and neutralizing antibody responses identified in the noninfected group. ABSTRACT Correlates of protection … Read more

Autocrine IL-9 production by ILC2s promotes their expansion and effector responses, including IL-5-driven eosinophilia, in response to airway allergens. In contrast, Th2 cell-intrinsic IL-9R signaling is dispensable for type 2 lung inflammation. Lung monocytes, macrophages, and DCs do not respond to IL-9 in asthma models due to the absence of IL-9R expression. ABSTRACT Interleukin-9 (IL-9) … Read more

We infected Germ-free and normal SPF mice infected with strains of LCMV that cause chronic infections. In both types of mice, T cell exhaustion progressed to similar levels. Thus, the microbiome is dispensable for the induction of T cell exhaustion. ABSTRACT Prolonged antigen exposure in chronic viral infections reduces the effector capacity of cytotoxic T … Read more

GLUT3 is essential for T regulatory (Treg) cell metabolic fitness, supporting both glycolysis and mitochondrial function required for their suppressive activity and effector differentiation. Loss of GLUT3 in Treg cells leads to impaired immune regulation and systemic autoimmunity, highlighting a critical role for glucose uptake in maintaining immune tolerance. ABSTRACT Regulatory T (Treg) cells are … Read more

Acute T. gondii infection caused thymic atrophy, reduced IL-2, and a sharp decline in Treg cells. As infection resolves, IL-2 and thymic function recover, which partially restores Tregs. Fate-mapping shows thymic Treg generation remains intact, but surviving peripheral Tregs chiefly rebuild the pool. Antiparasitic treatment can enhance thymic Treg generation. ABSTRACT Thymically-derived regulatory T (Treg) … Read more

European Journal of Immunology, Volume 56, Issue S3, August 2026.