Xiaodong Wang

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed oncology, yet durable benefit remains confined to a minority of patients, revealing the limitations of single biomarkers such as PD-L1 expression, tumor mutational burden, and microsatellite instabil…

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4 have achieved groundbreaking clinical success in multiple cancers; however, a large proportion of patients experience primary or acquired resistance. This review synthesizes the complex mech…