Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of many diseases, including persistent viral infections. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, sustained immune activation contributes to end-organ damage and non-AIDS comorbidities, even during antiretrovi…
Human atherosclerosis is increasingly recognized as a spatially organized inflammatory disease in which macrophages act as central regulators of lesion evolution rather than as a uniform foam-cell population. Recent single-cell and spatial profiling st…
With the steadily rising incidence of lung cancer and diabetes mellitus, both of them are increasingly becoming prominent global health concerns. Treatment options for lung cancer to improve prognosis and reduce the pain and financial burden of patient…
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by autoreactive T-cell responses against myelin antigens. Current disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) broadly suppress immune activity but do not r…
Otitis media (OM) remains a prevalent and multifactorial inflammatory disease of the middle ear, especially in pediatric populations. The immune system, particularly pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), plays a central role in detecting microbial path…
Eosinophils, traditionally viewed as effector cells in allergic and parasitic responses, have emerged as multifaceted regulators within the tumor microenvironment (TME). In lung cancer, eosinophils demonstrate complex and context-dependent functions, s…
Ovarian cancer remains the most lethal gynecological malignancy worldwide, with late-stage diagnosis, high recurrence rates, and chemoresistance posing persistent clinical challenges. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT), a rapidly advancing immunotherapeutic s…
Relapsing polychondritis (RP) and VEXAS syndrome (Vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, Autoinflammatory, Somatic) are two clinically overlapping conditions in which neurological complications remain uncommon. Based on the existing literature, neurological in…
Lymphedema refers to the interstitial edema caused by obstruction of lymph drainage. The clinical symptoms of lymphedema include local swelling and pain, thickened and rough skin, limited walking and repeated infection. Genetic mutation, fat deposition…
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that presents with both cutaneous manifestations and extracutaneous comorbidities. Current treatment options include antibiotics and biologics; however, treatment failure is common and of…
