Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that presents with both cutaneous manifestations and extracutaneous comorbidities. Current treatment options include antibiotics and biologics; however, treatment failure is common and of…
Cardiovascular diseases remain a leading cause of death worldwide, driven by complex pathological mechanisms involving various cytokines and inflammatory responses. IL-32, a recently discovered cytokine, has emerged as a key player in the pathogenesis …
Premature coronary atherosclerosis remains a primary driver of late-stage mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), independent of traditional cardiovascular risk profiles. This mini-review outlines the multifaceted immunometabolic pathways that…
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by a complex and multifactorial pathogenesis. Recent studies have highlighted the critical role of the disrupted balance between T helper 17 (Th17) cells and regulatory T…
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by profound lipid metabolic rewiring that supports tumor growth, therapeutic resistance, and immune evasion. Among lipid metabolic regulators, acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) has em…
The cyclic GMPAMP synthase (cGAS) stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is a central component of innate immunity that links cytosolic DNA sensing to type I interferon and NF-κB-driven inflammatory responses. Although transient STING stimulati…
The complement system (CS) is a key component of innate immune system that could be activated through pathways converging in activating C3 to cell-specific targeting. Besides its first-line defense against infection, CS serves as a bridge to adaptive i…
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by persistent synovial inflammation, progressive cartilage destruction, and irreversible bone erosion. Although substantial progress has been made in identifying downstream inflamm…
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic, symmetric polyarticular synovitis, with a global prevalence of approximately 0.5%-1%. Its pathogenesis involves a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factor…
Therapeutic antibodies are widely used in cancer biotherapy due to their target specificity, mediating tumor cell inhibition, angiogenesis suppression, and immune modulation. However, systemic administration often leads to off-target effects, as many a…
