Bile acids (BAs) are critical mediators of metabolic and immune regulation, influencing both liver and intestinal function. Their homeostasis, maintained through the enterohepatic circulation, is pivotal for immune-metabolic balance. BAs activate key r…
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is a widely underdiagnosed congenital disease that is fatal by 2-years old if left untreated. Most cases of SCID are diagnosed from the prompting of family history while other cases are sporadic and have no indic…
Glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, remains a significant challenge in oncology due to its immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). This review summarizes the complex interplay of immune cells and cytokines within t…
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive liver cancer with a rising incidence globally. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has revolutionized HCC treatment, yet response rates remain variable. Sex-based dispar…
The barrier to HIV cure is the HIV reservoir, which is composed of latently infected CD4+ T cells and myeloid cells that carry stably integrated and replication-competent provirus. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) contains a substantial part of the HIV…
Locally advanced cervical cancer remains a significant therapeutic challenge, with high rates of recurrence and metastasis despite advances in chemoradiation. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, has e…
Malignant tumour represents a significant global public health concern. The advent of immunotherapy has brought about a revolutionary shift in the landscape of tumour treatment, offering a ray of hope to patients across the globe. Immunotherapy strateg…
Liver transplantation (LT) is a primary treatment option for patients with end-stage liver disease. However, post-transplantation immune regulation is critical to graft survival and long-term patient outcomes. Following liver transplantation, the recip…
Gastric cancer (GC) remains a major challenge due to its high mortality and morbidity, despite extensive research. Dysregulated host immunity plays a critical role in carcinogenesis, particularly among susceptible cohorts. In the gastric mucosa of GC p…
Sepsis, a critical systemic inflammatory response syndrome elicited by pathogenic microorganisms, poses a significant challenge in clinical practice due to its rapid progression and potential for multi-organ failure. This review delineates the intricat…
