Background
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) exhibits low response rates to immunotherapies, with only about 15–25% of patients responding to monotherapy and 30–45% to combination therapy. This limited effectiveness is attribut…
Background
A key aspect of tumor biology is the involvement of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in shaping the immunosuppressive microenvironment. However, the dynamic and complex key roles of CAFs in the melanoma immune microenvironment have not …
Tumor-initiated emergency granulopoiesis results in expansion of the circulating neutrophil compartment and neutrophil recruitment into the tumor microenvironment (TME), which may in turn promote tumor progression. Although an elevated circulating neu…
Background
A hypoxic microenvironment is the most frequent characteristic in tumor microenvironment. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an important molecule and therapeutic target that mediates the immune response of tumor cells. Previous studies h…
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have improved patient outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, most patients do not experience durable benefit. The non-T cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment, characterized by limited CD8+ T-cell infiltr…
Background
Immune checkpoint blockade therapy has shown limited efficacy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglec)-15 has been identified as a novel immune evasion biomarker, while the ro…
Background
The majority of patients treated with immunotherapy as a standalone therapy experience little to no benefits. Tubulin tyrosine ligase 12 (TTLL12), as a member of the tubulin tyrosine ligase protein family, is associated with the prognosis o…
Background
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed the oncology treatment landscape. Despite substantial improvements for some patients, the majority do not benefit from ICIs, indicating a need for predictive biomarkers to better inform t…
Background
The somatic mutation theory predicts that cancer risk should scale proportionally with lifetime cell divisions; yet large-bodied and long-lived species exhibit lower-than-expected cancer incidence—a long-standing contradiction termed …
Background
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed treatment and have provided significant clinical benefits and durable responses for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, only a small percentage of patients…
