Trends in Immunology

Trends Immunol. 2026 Jan 7:S1471-4906(25)00309-6. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2025.12.001. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have gained renewed attention for their diverse roles beyond immune suppression. This review integrates recent discoveries on how tissue-resident Tregs integrate immune, metabolic, and neural cues to maintain organ homeostasis and regeneration. Across adipose tissue, intestine, brain, and skin, … Read more

Trends Immunol. 2026 Jan 7:S1471-4906(25)00310-2. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2025.12.002. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Bidirectional crosstalk between the immune and nervous systems, via ‘neuroimmune circuits’, regulates homeostatic and inflammatory responses essential for health. Microglia, long-lived brain macrophages, act as key hubs integrating immune signals into coordinated brain responses by shifting into distinct functional states in response to … Read more

Trends Immunol. 2026 Jan 7:S1471-4906(25)00314-X. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2025.12.006. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Insights into T-cell biology in the central nervous system (CNS) have evolved from early neuroinflammatory models demonstrating the pathogenic potential of autoreactive T cells to recent human studies defining resident T-cell populations in the healthy and diseased brain. We here discuss advances in … Read more

Trends Immunol. 2026 Jan 3:S1471-4906(25)00313-8. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2025.12.005. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is a pleiotropic cytokine that maintains the delicate balance between tolerance to commensal microbiota and defense against pathogens at mucosal barriers. When dysregulated, IL-23 becomes a key driver of chronic inflammation, with therapeutics blocking this pathway being successfully harnessed in the … Read more

Trends Immunol. 2025 Dec 31:S1471-4906(25)00312-6. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2025.12.004. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Parity and lactation have long been recognised as protective factors in breast cancer, with notable risk reduction in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Recent work by Virassamy et al. suggests a tissue-specific, persistent immune surveillance underpins this effect, particularly in women who have … Read more

Trends Immunol. 2025 Dec 20:S1471-4906(25)00308-4. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2025.11.009. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The advancement of immunotherapy faces significant challenges, including extending its benefits to a growing number of patients and enhancing its efficacy across different tumor types. In this context, γδ T cells emerge as particularly promising candidates owing to their distinctive biological features such … Read more

Trends Immunol. 2025 Dec 19:S1471-4906(25)00307-2. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2025.11.008. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Intestinal homeostasis is crucial for overall health, and its maintenance relies on a complex and delicate interplay between intestinal epithelial cells, the gut microbiota, and the immune system. Among immune components, group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s), which primarily reside in the intestinal … Read more

Trends Immunol. 2025 Dec 17:S1471-4906(25)00311-4. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2025.12.003. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Estrogen receptor (ER)+ breast malignancies are poorly infiltrated by immune cells, hence exhibiting limited sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Recent data from Palomeque et al. demonstrate that ER signaling actively contributes to such an immunoevasive phenotype by preventing the nuclear factor LCOR … Read more

Trends Immunol. 2025 Dec 16:S1471-4906(25)00302-3. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2025.11.006. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Pregnancy requires dynamic immune adaptations that balance tolerance, homeostasis, and defense at the maternal-fetal interface. Recent advances integrating findings from human placental samples with those from refined animal models now enable a detailed analysis of how cellular responses in mid and late gestation … Read more

Trends Immunol. 2025 Dec 12:S1471-4906(25)00306-0. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2025.11.007. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Recent discoveries reveal that inflammasome signaling in neurons extends beyond host defense to influence fundamental aspects of brain function, including synaptic plasticity, axon remodeling, and exosome-mediated intercellular communication. This review explores how basal neuronal inflammasome activity contributes to central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis … Read more