Mohamed Hamed

IntroductionBenzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a widespread polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), is a major aquatic pollutant with known toxic effects. However, its immunotoxicity during early fish development remains poorly understood. This study investigated …

IntroductionEnvironmental pollutants are increasingly recognized as critical modulators of fish immune-associated alterations, with significant implications for aquaculture sustainability. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a persistent polycyclic aromatic hydroc…