Engineered Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 secreting anti-TNF-α nanobody as a single-strain live biotherapeutic for inflammatory bowel disease
BackgroundThe rising global incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) creates an urgent need for safer, gut-targeted therapies. Current treatments, from small-molecule drugs to systemic anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) biologics, are freque…