The β-hCG-TNF-α-T cell axis in threatened abortion: unraveling the pathogenic cascade from aberrant glycosylation to inflammatory demise
Threatened abortion (TA), vaginal bleeding before 20 weeks in a viable pregnancy, affects 20-25% of early pregnancies. Its unpredictable nature is a major clinical challenge. Current diagnostics (β-hCG and ultrasound) are retrospective and fail to reve…