Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) is characterized by pronounced heterogeneity, fluctuating severity, delayed post-perturbation crashes analogous to those documented in post-exertional malaise, and highly variable clinical trajectories that are poor…
BackgroundAllergic rhinitis (AR) is an underrecognized contributor to olfactory dysfunction (OD). Although smell loss in AR is commonly attributed to conductive obstruction, some patients exhibit persistent or disproportionate hyposmia despite improvem…
BackgroundDrug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) affects approximately one-third of patients with epilepsy and remains a major therapeutic challenge.Recent studies have demonstrated significant gut microbiota dysbiosis in patients with DRE, and certain interven…
Concepts of autoimmune disease have traditionally emphasized genetic susceptibility, antigen-specific immune activation, and inflammation as linear drivers of tissue injury and clinical symptoms. While this framework has been highly successful in expla…
BackgroundChronic inflammation represents a central mechanism underlying the persistence of immune-mediated diseases. Unlike acute inflammation, which resolves through coordinated regulatory checkpoints and active resolution programs, chronic inflammat…
BackgroundType 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) arises from a fundamental breakdown of central immune tolerance within the thymus. Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) express the Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE) protein, which drives the promiscuous transcr…
It has been known for decades that pigs, as well as some other mammals, possess a peculiar lymph node architecture commonly referred to as “inverted”. Although some direct consequences of this structure have been described, such as the altered circulat…
Therapeutic cancer vaccines can generate measurable antigen-specific immune responses in humans, yet tumor regression is often incomplete, inconsistent, or short-lived. In immunologically cold tumors, this pattern may reflect not an absolute inability …
KRas, NRas and HRas mutations are recognized in over 25% of all tumors, with the predominant mutations occurring at amino acids G12 or G13. While small molecule inhibitors of KRas show therapeutic promise, KRas has largely resisted control by immunothe…
BackgroundSystemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterized by a complex and heterogeneous interplay between vascular dysfunction, immune activation, and progressive fibrosis. Despite advances in molecular characterization, therapeutic responses remain inconsi…
