Programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitors have transformed the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but durable responses remain limited to a subset of patients. Conventional biomarkers, including PD-L1 expression and tumor mutational b…
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a prevalent metabolic complication of pregnancy with rising global incidence. Its increasing prevalence parallels the rising rates of pre-pregnancy obesity worldwide. While physiological insulin resistance is a no…
Anticancer therapy can eliminate immune-visible tumour cells while simultaneously imposing selective pressures that favour residual immune-evasive populations. This mini-review conceptualizes therapy-induced immunoediting as a dynamic continuum compris…
Thyroid cancer (TC) and colorectal cancer are common malignancies of the endocrine and gastrointestinal systems, respectively, and continue to impose a substantial global disease burden. The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) plays a central role in …
Macrophages exhibit phenotypic plasticity, which plays a role in driving tissue injury and promoting mucosal repair in ulcerative colitis (UC). Intestinal macrophages originate from both embryo-derived resident cells and circulating monocytes. Macropha…
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease driven by dysregulated host–microbial interactions and failure of endogenous inflammation resolution, leading to progressive destruction of periodontal tissues. Increasing evidence indicates that inflamma…
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a specialized subset of CD4+ T cells indispensable for the establishment and maintenance of immunological tolerance. Treg cells employ diverse mechanisms of immune regulation mediated by a broad repertoire of immunosuppres…
Autoimmune uveitis (AU) is a vision-threatening intraocular inflammatory disease characterized by disruption of ocular immune privilege, blood-retinal barrier (BRB) dysfunction, and progressive immune-mediated retinal injury. Although corticosteroids a…
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive type of primary brain tumour in adults, and after treatment, it is also difficult to know whether a person’s health has improved. Pseudoprogression (PsP), particularly following radiotherapy and combination the…
Pain in osteoarthritis (OA) is not explained adequately by cartilage loss or radiographic severity. Synovial inflammation, tissue damage, and neural plasticity interact across the joint, dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord, and brain to shape the intensit…
