Migraine is a complex neurovascular disorder whose pathogenesis involves activation of the trigeminal vascular system, central and peripheral sensitization, and neuroinflammation. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a dominant role and activat…
This review evaluates in-vitro models for studying how maternal influences during pregnancy impact the development of offspring microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system. The models examined include primary microglia cultures, microglia…
Spaceflight imposes a constellation of physiological challenges—cosmic radiation, microgravity, disrupted circadian rhythms, and psychosocial stress—that critically compromise astronaut health. Among the most vulnerable organs is the thymus, a cornerst…
Pediatric osteosarcoma, the most prevalent primary malignant bone tumor in children, is marked by aggressive progression and a generally poor prognosis. Despite advances in treatment, including multi-agent chemotherapy, survival rates remain suboptimal…
Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the urinary system and has always presented great challenges in treatment due to its intricate biological features and high recurrence rates. Although great developments were achieved in immunoth…
Immune cells adapt their metabolism in response to their differentiation and activation status to meet the energy demands for an appropriate immune response. Recent studies have elucidated that during immune cell metabolic reprogramming, lipid metaboli…
Bronchial asthma (asthma) is a respiratory disease characterized by chronic inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway remodeling. Numerous studies have delved into asthma’s pathogenesis, among which epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is…
Bispecific antibodies represent an innovative paradigm in cancer therapy, offering broader therapeutic potential compared to conventional monoclonal antibodies. To increase tumor selectivity while mitigating off-target effects in normal tissues, the co…
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are usually positive charged peptides and have good cell membrane permeability. Meanwhile, CPPs are facile to synthesize, and can be functionalized to satisfy different demands, such as cyclization, incorporating unnatu…
Diabetes mellitus, including Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and advanced Type 2 diabetes (T2D), remains a major global health challenge due to the destruction or dysfunction of insulin-producing β-cells. Islet transplantation offers a promising therapeutic stra…
