BackgroundSchistosomiasis is caused by parasitic blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. Despite ongoing mass drug administration efforts, the disease remains a major public health burden in endemic regions. A better understanding of early host response…
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes infectious granulomatous disease tuberculosis (TB), and existing in vitro TB-diagnosis is insensitive for extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) as well as paucibacillary TB due to low bacillary load; therefore, alternative no…
BackgroundMost intracellular proteins undergo degradation by proteasomes, which exist in constitutive, immune, and intermediate forms. The diversity arises from the presence of different catalytic β subunits incorporated into the 20S core particle. Con…
IntroductionAntiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) can promote thrombosis in vivo, but evidence from both animal models and clinical data suggests that they act as a ‘first hit’ and may require a ‘second hit’, typically an inflammatory stimulus, to induce …
Tick-over of C3 to fluid-phase C3(H2O) is considered the initiator of the alternative pathway by mediating random depositing of C3b on target surfaces. This slow mechanism does not explain the specificity and rapid activation of the alternative pathway…
BackgroundPrimary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disorder. However, current diagnostic methods remain limited, necessitating the exploration of non-invasive diagnostic markers with higher specificity.MethodsThis study integra…
IntroductionAs a complex and persistent inflammatory bowel disease, the onset and progression of ulcerative colitis (UC) are closely associated with intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, host metabolic imbalance, and impaired intestinal barrier function. Th…
IntroductionArbovirus infections, including dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, constitute significant global health threats. The epidemiology of these diseases is closely tied to the biology and ecology of the mosquito Aedes aegypti, particularly regardin…
BackgroundEfficient recognition of antigenic peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules on the surface of cells by immune cells requires sufficiently stable peptide-MHC I complexes. Antigenic peptides of 8–10 amino acids…
IntroductionHigh levels of extracellular adenosine, highly abundant in the tumor microenvironment, promote immune suppression mainly through the A2AR expressed by tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Given the importance of tumor-infiltrating B and plasma …
