Trends in Immunology

Trends Immunol. 2025 May 19:S1471-4906(25)00116-4. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2025.04.005. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Proteins with a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor/resistance (TIR) domain are among the most ancient immune regulators and include well-known pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). A specialized subset of TIR domain proteins are enzymes that predominantly use nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to generate second messenger metabolites. These … Read more

Trends Immunol. 2025 May 16:S1471-4906(25)00119-X. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2025.04.006. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Although DNA damage is a common cellular event, T cells experience significant genotoxic stresses because of rapid antigen-stimulated expansion and their presence in various nonlymphoid microenvironments. In addition to the well-established link between genomic instability and malignancy, recent genomic studies have uncovered a … Read more

Trends Immunol. 2025 May 16:S1471-4906(25)00096-1. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2025.04.004. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Macrophages play a central role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and in surveillance against pathogens and disease. In the lung, they can adopt either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory states depending on the nature of the stimulus. As the predominant immune cells in both the lung … Read more

Trends Immunol. 2025 May 13:S1471-4906(25)00120-6. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2025.04.007. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Recently, Kondo et al. engineered the coexpression of a T cell receptor (TCR) and a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and developed an antagonism-enforced braking system where TCR signals both enhance and inhibit CAR activation. This work may enable rational design of CAR-T agents … Read more

Trends Immunol. 2025 May 13:S1471-4906(25)00093-6. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2025.04.001. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Emerging studies demonstrate the presence of cells with microglial features in peripheral tissues. Here, we propose using the term ‘microglial lineage’ to categorize both these cells and classical microglia. Microglial lineage cells are resident immune cells with a microglial molecular phenotype and ontogeny … Read more

Trends Immunol. 2025 May 7:S1471-4906(25)00094-8. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2025.04.002. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The upsurge of mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) in Africa and its global spread highlight the need for improved vaccines. The development of new recombinant vaccines, including mRNA and protein nanoparticles, depends on understanding the biology of poxviruses and selecting the most protective … Read more

Trends Immunol. 2025 Apr 22:S1471-4906(25)00078-X. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2025.03.004. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT The development of ionizable mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (mRNA-LNP) nucleic acid carriers facilitated the clinical translation of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccines BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273. Here, we discuss insights into rational improvements to mRNA vaccines, focusing on LNP modifications for mRNA-LNP biodistribution control, miRNA-based … Read more

Trends Immunol. 2025 Apr 21:S1471-4906(25)00082-1. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2025.03.008. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Inflammasomes form in response to infection, cellular stress, or damage. Gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in inflammasome receptors have been identified as the underlying cause of severe inflammatory diseases, termed ‘inflammasomopathies’. Recently, molecular interrogation of these diseases revealed several distinctions at the level of the … Read more

Trends Immunol. 2025 Apr 18:S1471-4906(25)00079-1. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2025.03.005. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT A genealogy of immunity reveals increasingly complex systems for pathogen response, organism homeostasis, and multispecies interaction. New studies show how the five senses can all contribute to behavioral, shared and population level immunity redefining our understanding of the ways organisms communicate among and … Read more

Trends Immunol. 2025 Apr 15:S1471-4906(25)00081-X. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2025.03.007. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was the first DNA virus identified to be tightly associated with multiple human tumors. It promotes malignant progression of tumors – including related lymphomas, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma – in part by evading surveillance and attack by the host … Read more