Tumor-initiated emergency granulopoiesis results in expansion of the circulating neutrophil compartment and neutrophil recruitment into the tumor microenvironment (TME), which may in turn promote tumor progression. Although an elevated circulating neu…
Background
A hypoxic microenvironment is the most frequent characteristic in tumor microenvironment. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an important molecule and therapeutic target that mediates the immune response of tumor cells. Previous studies h…
Background
While recent clinical trials of combination immunotherapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have shown promising clinical efficacy and survival improvements breakthroughs, there is still much room for further improvement. A key limiting …
Background
Pancreatic adenosquamous cancer (PASC) is an extremely rare subtype of pancreatic cancer characterized by a poorer prognosis and higher likelihood of metastasis compared with the more prevalent pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Altho…
Background
Tumor-associated myeloid cells (TAMCs) are an abundant, phenotypically plastic cell population that is critical for initiating a robust antitumor response. To properly combat cancer cells, TAMCs must sense and transduce both soluble and vit…
Cancer is rapidly on the rise as a cause of morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, despite the increasing importance of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) as a pillar of cancer therapy, access in these settings …
Background
In clinical practice, patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) often receive low-dose programmed death-1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibodies due to physical or financial limitations. However, the efficacy and safety of low-dose compared wi…
Background
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a rapidly growing, aggressive brain tumor with very poor prognosis without currently effective therapies. The immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in GBM hinders the development of effective tum…
Background
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men worldwide, making up 21% of all cancer cases. Although generally slow-growing, 370,000 men die from PC yearly. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are currently only indica…
Cancer immunotherapy (IO) enables patients to live well with cancer for many years, or even be cured. Several investigational IO agents recently failed in early-phase or late-phase trials, leading some to doubt the future of IO. Patient heterogeneity …
