Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: an underexplored immunosuppressive axis and strategic target for overcoming checkpoint inhibitor resistance

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) shows a persistently low objective response rate to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway. Its immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), enriched in tumor-asso…

Trained immunity in chronic rhinosinusitis: epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune memory as a driver of mucosal inflammation and recurrence

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a highly prevalent and debilitating inflammatory condition of the upper airway, affecting 5-28% of the global population and imposing a substantial socioeconomic burden. Despite major advances in endoscopic sinus surgery…

Beyond dysbiosis: microbial metabolites as key remodelers of nasal mucosal immune tolerance in chronic rhinosinusitis

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous inflammatory disorder of the nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa affecting approximately 11% of adults worldwide. Although compositional dysbiosis of the sinonasal microbiome has historically dominated etiol…

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