Gastrointestinal cancers frequently develop immune exclusion and therapeutic resistance, yet these phenotypes are often described separately. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key stromal architects of immune-excluded tumor microenvironments, an…
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is associated with progressive remodeling of the peritoneal membrane, with fibrosis, vasculopathy, and transport deterioration that culminate in ultrafiltration failure (UFF); a smaller subset of patients progresses to encapsul…
Immunotherapy biomarker research has long relied on peripheral blood as the main sample source. However, significant spatial heterogeneity exists between peripheral blood and the tumor microenvironment (TME). This perspective article proposes that the …
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) shows a persistently low objective response rate to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway. Its immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), enriched in tumor-asso…
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed cancer treatment, yet durable benefit remains limited to selected patients. Established biomarkers, including PD-L1 expression, tumor mutational burden, and microsatellite instability, remain predomi…
Secondary lower-extremity lymphedema has long been regarded primarily as a disorder of impaired lymphatic fluid return. However, growing evidence indicates that its core pathology is a lymph stasis-driven immune–stromal remodeling process characterized…
BackgroundFunctional cure rates in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remain below 10% after long-term nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) therapy, and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade achieves HBsAg clearance in approximately 30% of selected patients with low baseline HBsAg (≤100 …
Behçet’s disease (BD) is a complex, relapsing multisystem disorder characterized by autoinflammatory features. Because disease-specific diagnostic biomarkers are lacking and clinical presentation varies according to geographic background and organ invo…
Degenerative musculoskeletal and metabolic bone diseases are increasingly recognized as conditions sustained not only by endocrine and mechanical factors, but also by chronic low-grade immune activation and osteo-immune imbalance. This Perspective prop…
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), a leading driver of chronic low back pain, has become a major socioeconomic and public health burden due to its high disability rate and substantial treatment costs. Accumulating evidence has redefined IDD as an …
