The alarmin–ILC2 axis as a candidate mechanism for persistent olfactory dysfunction in allergic rhinitis

BackgroundAllergic rhinitis (AR) is an underrecognized contributor to olfactory dysfunction (OD). Although smell loss in AR is commonly attributed to conductive obstruction, some patients exhibit persistent or disproportionate hyposmia despite improvem…

The microbiota-metabolite-immune axis in the olfactory cleft microenvironment: mechanisms and therapeutic implications for dysbiosis-driven olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis

Chronic rhinosinusitis is the leading cause of olfactory dysfunction in adults. Although mechanical obstruction and type 2 inflammation remain important explanations for smell loss in chronic rhinosinusitis, emerging multi-omics studies suggest that di…

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