Neuroinflammation is a dynamic, context-sensitive process that plays essential roles in brain development, maintenance, and response to injury. It reflects a finely balanced neuroimmune state—facilitating repair and adaptation under homeostatic conditi…
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are pivotal in shaping the immunosuppressive and chemoresistant tumor microenvironment (TME) of osteosarcoma (OS). This review explores how CAFs drive OS progression through paracrine signaling (e.g., TGF-β, IL-6), …
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) enhance tumour immunogenicity through multidimensional immune modulation beyond targeted cytotoxicity. The immune remodelling of the tumour microenvironment (TME) suggests potential synergistic mechanisms with immune che…
Breast cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. Increasing evidence underscores the pivotal yet paradoxical roles of innate immune cells and their associated cytokine…
The immune interactions within the gut–brain axis represent a critical etiological factor in psychiatric disorders. The gut microbiota and their metabolites serve as biological mediators that regulate neuroimmune activation and suppression in the centr…
Bladder cancer remains a significant global health challenge, particularly affecting male populations. While radical cystectomy and chemotherapy have been mainstays of treatment, their substantial morbidity and impact on quality of life have driven the…
Microglia have emerged as central players in the pathophysiology of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). The purpose of this brief review is to highlight the evolution of knowledge on the role of microglia in SCI. We explore the initial discovery of mac…
Gastric cancer (GC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with limited responses to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies in most patients. Increasing evidence indicates that the tumor immune microenvironment (TI…
With the development of society and the economy, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has become a major chronic disease in contemporary society. Finding a safe, effective, and economical diagnostic method is essential for t…
Human C-type lectin-like molecule CD161 is a type II transmembrane protein expressed on the surface of various lymphocytes within both the innate and adaptive immune systems. CD161 serves as a marker for innate-like T cells and IL-17-producing cells. H…
