The intestinal immune compartment plays a central role in HIV pathogenesis, serving as an early site for viral replication and a significant reservoir for latent infection. Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in suppressing plasma virem…
Retinoblastoma (RB) immunotherapy represents a paradigm shift in managing this aggressive pediatric eye cancer, overcoming limitations of conventional therapies. Recent breakthroughs reveal how circular RNAs (circRNAs) critically modulate the tumor-imm…
Lung injury has become a critical clinical problem that urgently requires resolution due to its high morbidity, high mortality, and the limitations of existing treatment methods. Mitochondrial dysfunction, as the core mechanism of lung injury, promotes…
Th9 cells are a CD4 T cell subset that produces interleukin-9 (IL-9), a pleiotropic cytokine implicated in allergies, autoimmunity and cancer. Defining the cellular effects of IL-9 and factors regulating its expression are essential for fully understan…
The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is a central regulator of innate immunity, mediating host defense against pathogens but driving chronic inflammation when dysregulated-underpinning autoimmune diseases, fibrosis, and cancer. Traditiona…
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) effectively triggers adaptive immune responses against cancer, yet its clinical application in solid tumors is hindered by tumor microenvironment (TME) barriers. These include immunosuppressive cell populations, dense extra…
Ovarian cancer remains the deadliest gynecologic malignancy, with its aggressive progression and therapeutic resistance heavily influenced by the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), the predominant immune infiltrates in O…
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) possess dual advantages in cancer immunotherapy: they selectively replicate within and lyse tumor cells while simultaneously releasing tumor-associated antigens to recruit and activate immune cells within the local tumor microen…
Type 2 immune responses are essential for protective immunity against helminth parasites and for promoting tissue repair, but they can also drive allergic inflammation. T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are key drive…
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are significant contributors to the establishment of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and pose a significant challenge to the effectiveness of successful immunotherapy. CAFs can secrete cytokines, …
