Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric tumorigenesis is typically staged by histopathology, yet clinical decisions often hinge on immune dynamics that histology alone cannot resolve. This mini review introduces a phase-specific “immune snapshot” framew…
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive and lethal subtype of glioma, remains therapeutically intractable despite advances in surgical and chemo-radiotherapy interventions. The highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) contributes significa…
Cancers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract rank among the most commonly diagnosed malignancies worldwide, posing a heavy burden on public health. Therapeutic tumor vaccines have garnered significant interest due to their ability to promote tumor regres…
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe respiratory tract infections in infants, older adults, and immunocompromised individuals. Despite decades of research, effective therapies are limited, largely due to an incomplete understand…
L-asparaginase, a critical enzyme for cancer therapy, has been primarily produced by microbes. Researches are being conducted to identify better stabilizing, low immunogenicity and highly active alternative sources has focused on marine microorganisms….
Cutaneous granulomatous diseases, characterized by persistent granuloma formation, often exhibit chronic and relapsing courses that are challenging to manage with conventional therapies. The Janus kinase (JAK)–signal transducer and activator of transcr…
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential for maintaining immune tolerance, preventing autoimmune responses, and supporting tissue repair. Tregs employ a flexible and diverse metabolic program that includes glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS),…
Post-stroke depression (PSD) represents a prevalent and debilitating sequela following cerebrovascular accidents, with its underlying pathophysiology intricately linked to neuroinflammatory processes. Emerging evidence implicates glial cell pyroptosis …
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-associated encephalitis is seen in patients who have undergone allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant and can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The mainstay of treatment has been antiviral therapy w…
Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a group of diseases characterized by chronic inflammation and extra-articular involvement of tissues and organs. Acute anterior uveitis (AAU), the most common extra-articular manifestation of SpA, typically presents as a unil…
