Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and chronic neuroinflammation. While microglia and astrocytes dominate CNS immune responses, emerging evidence implicates periphe…
Migraines are among the most common neurological disorders, disabling nearly one in seven people worldwide, whereas glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumour, with median survival scarcely beyond 15 months. Historically considered …
Cutting-edge multiplex imaging technologies have significantly advanced our understanding of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), delivering nanometer-scale spatial resolution that illuminates previously inaccessible cellular interactions and orga…
Cancer has remained the second leading cause of death worldwide for over a century. Despite significant advances, effectively targeting cancer cells and overcoming therapeutic challenges remain critical goals. In this review, we focus on advanced metas…
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria has been one of the most studied pathogen-associated molecular patterns triggering rapid inflammatory reactions. However, evidence shows that not all LPS molecules are proinflammatory (“bad”), and th…
Sepsis, a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, presents a major clinical challenge. While the complex interplay of inflammatory mediators and immune cells during sepsis is increasingly understood, the …
Ovarian cancer remains the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, largely due to its late-stage diagnosis and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). A key mediator of immune evasion in ovarian cancer is the infiltration and activation of regulato…
Members of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) superfamily play crucial roles in orchestrating inflammation and immune responses. Among them, IL-36 and IL-38 have emerged as cytokines with contrasting roles in cardiovascular disease (CVD). IL-36 typically promote…
Inflammation is closely linked to the development and progression of cancer, as well as the effectiveness of cancer treatment. Inflammation is an immune response triggered when the immune system detects harmful stimuli such as pathogens, damaged cells,…
Regulatory T cells are essential for suppressing an overactive immune system, especially concerning autoimmune disease, tumor growth, and inflammatory disease. This suppressive nature of regulatory T cells is largely due to their metabolic profiles det…
