Hidradenitis suppurativa is currently considered an autoinflammatory disease. However, the cause of this inflammation remains unknown. Over the past 18 years, we have followed a cohort of 1,700 patients with hidradenitis suppurativa and identified, bot…
Concepts of how the immune system functions have evolved during the last half century. From widespread acceptance of Self-Nonself Discrimination to explain adaptive immunity, to increasing understanding of receptor-mediated activation of innate immunit…
The immune system operates within a dynamic physiological environment shaped by systemic regulatory signals, among which endocrine factors are increasingly recognized as important modulators of immune function. Although thyroid hormones are well known …
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has traditionally been conceptualized through an event-based framework in which relapses, lesion accumulation, and disability progression evolve along a linear temporal axis. However, converging pathological, imaging, biomarker,…
Neutrophilic asthma is a severe asthma subtype marked by persistent airway neutrophilia, Th17-skewed inflammation, and poor responsiveness to glucocorticoids. The mechanisms driving chronic neutrophilic inflammation and corticosteroid resistance remain…
CD4 T-cell responses are important for the protection conferred by many infectious disease vaccines and can be quantitatively and qualitatively improved by adjuvants. The AS01 adjuvant is present in critical licensed or candidate vaccines against, amon…
Gastric cancer (GC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and PD-1 monotherapy offers limited clinical benefit due to intrinsic and acquired immune tolerance. PD-1-containing bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) represent an emerging immu…
Immunology has traditionally interpreted tissue pathology through models centered on immune-mediated cytotoxicity. In this prevailing model, functional decline is considered a downstream consequence of cell death and irreversible loss of cellular mass….
Immunological risk prediction in solid organ transplantation has long depended on threshold-based representation of histocompatibility data: donor-specific antibodies (DSA) reported as positive or negative, mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) assessed by…
The OX40/OX40L axis entered clinical development in atopic dermatitis with a strong biological rationale and early signs of durable activity. However, as the treatment landscape evolved, questions emerged about whether the magnitude of monotherapy bene…
