Objective
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a significant clinical challenge because the long-term benefits of immune checkpoint blockade therapy are limited. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying immunotherapy resistance in HC…
Background
Over the past decade, cancer immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment of melanoma; however, responses vary across patient populations. Recently, baseline tumor size has been identified as an independent prognostic factor for overal…
Background
The high metastasis rate is one of the main reasons for the poor prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Coagulation factor Xa (FXa) and its receptor proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) proven to promote tumor metasta…
Background
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a front-line treatment for prostate cancer. In some men, their tumors can become refractory leading to the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). This causes tumors to regrow and me…
Background
Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) has been considered as the next generation of immune checkpoint and a promising prognostic biomarker of immunotherapy. As with programmed cell death protein-1/programmed death-ligand 1 and cytotoxic T-ly…
Background
Autologous BCMA-specific CAR T-cell therapies have substantial activity in multiple myeloma (MM). However, due to logistical limitations and BCMAlow relapses, there is a need for alternatives. UCARTCS1 cells are ‘off-the-shelf’ …
Background
TG6050 was designed as an improved oncolytic vector, combining the intrinsic properties of vaccinia virus to selectively replicate in tumors with the tumor-restricted expression of recombinant immune effectors to modify the tumor immune phe…
Background
Immunotherapy can be associated with prolonged disease control even after cessation of treatment without the need for further cancer-directed therapy. Treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) can also persist after discontinuation of therap…
Background
Immunosuppressive conditions within the tumor microenvironment (TME) can allow tumors to evade the immune system, including by hampering programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor activity. Interleukin (IL)-8 contributes to immunosuppressi…
Background
Natural killer (NK) cells are being extensively studied as a cell therapy for cancer. These cells are activated by recognition of ligands and antigens on tumor cells. Cytokine therapies, such as IL-15, are also broadly used to stimulate end…
