Animals have evolved to live in different environs, with some having developed specialised features to support survival in adverse conditions, whilst others adapt behaviourally. Temperature impacts the immune system differentially, with lower temperatu…
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis, and immunotherapy targeting the TME has received increasing attention. However, single-agent immunotherapy has certain limitations and often require…
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) are increasingly recognized as promising candidates for treating Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) due to their immunomodulatory and regenerative properties. However, their therapeutic efficacy remains inconsistent, la…
Metastasis, the primary cause of cancer-related mortality, is sustained by complex interactions between tumor cells and host-derived factors. Extracellular vesicles, membrane-bound particles that mediate intercellular communication, have emerged as cri…
BackgroundAbnormal protein glycosylation is a key feature of tumors. Among the modifications, Tn antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) and its sialylated derivative, STn antigen (Neu5Acα2-6GalNAcα1-O-Ser/Thr), are prominent tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens….
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, features gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) along with pathological α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation. Recently, emergin…
Metainflammation is a low-grade systemic inflammatory response that can persist for months or even years, during which monocytes, macrophages, and other immune cells become hyperactivated, contributing to metabolic disease and atherogenesis. Although w…
Astragalus Polysaccharide (APS), the primary bioactive component of Astragalus, exhibits multi-faceted immunomodulatory properties. Its efficacy stems not from broad, non-specific stimulation but from the precise engagement of a network of cell surface…
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is currently one of the major causes of death and hospitalization globally. Pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress are considered important mechanisms underlying the disease. Recent studies have indicat…
The transcription factor c-Maf, a member of the Maf family characterized by its basic domain and b-Zip DNA-binding motif, is a pivotal regulator of immune cells development and function. It governs immune cells growth, differentiation, function, and im…
