Frontiers in Immunology
Cell-type specificity of Tim-3 in respiratory diseases: from mechanisms to clinical translation
As an immune checkpoint molecule, Tim-3 is expressed on T cells and other immune cells, and is crucial for maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing excessive inflammation. This article reviews the changes in expression, mechanism of action, and cl…
Renal macrophage TLR7 signaling in lupus nephritis: from pathogenic mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities
Recent studies, including reports of rare monogenic Toll-Like Receptor 7 (TLR7) gain-of-function mutations, have established TLR7 as a causal driver in a subset of human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) cases. Consequently, TLR7 and its downstream me…
Efficacy and safety of adding immune checkpoint inhibitors to standard chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for advanced or recurrent cervical cancer: a meta-analysis
BackgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) combined with standard chemotherapy (CT) or chemoradiotherapy (CRT) have shown promising results in recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for advanced or recurrent cervical cancer (CC). However, compre…
Taking its TOLL: the role of toll-like receptor 4 in human health and disease, and its potential as a therapeutic target
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a pattern recognition receptor that binds to pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Binding of exogenous or endogenous ligands activates the TLR4 pathway and induc…
Tunable CAR-NK-92 activity in the tumor microenvironment via a dual ATF4-responsive circuit
Chimeric antigen receptor–engineered NK-92 (CAR-NK-92) cells emulate activated natural killer cells, combining potent innate cytotoxicity with CAR-driven antigen specificity. Their scalability and FDA approval make them attractive for universal use. Ho…
Case Report: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a patient with triple-allele expression at both HLA-B and HLA-C loci
BackgroundHuman leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching is critical for donor selection in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Each HLA locus is normally biallelic; however, exceptionally rare cases with more than two alleles at a …
Association of plasma ceramide with stroke-associated pneumonia in acute ischemic stroke
BackgroundStroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) is a common and severe complication of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), yet its occurrence remains unpredictable. Post-stroke immune dysregulation and systemic inflammatory responses play a crucial role in suscep…
Pharmacological inhibition of USP18 improves antibacterial responses and the intracellular control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages
IntroductionType I interferon (IFN-I) responses correlate with the severity of Tuberculosis. ISG15, a ubiquitin-like protein, regulates immune responses intracellularly by protein posttranslational modification (ISGylation) or extracellularly, in a cyt…
Femoral fracture leads to moderate pulmonary organ damage in aged mice and induces immune alterations
IntroductionThe relevance of age-related immunological alterations in patients experiencing fractures has drastically increased due to the global rise in life expectancy and the elevated risk of fractures among elderly individuals. The potential cross …